Organic Molecules – found in living organisms made of C, H, N, O, P, S

1. Organic Molecules – found in living organisms made of C, H, N, O, P, S • Compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms • Carbon has 4 valence electrons • Carbon will form 4 covalent bonds with many elements (HONPS) and with other carbon atoms • It can form chains of unlimited length and single, double or triple bonds

2. Macromolecules • Macro - Large (Molecules) • Macromolecules are formed when monomers are linked together to form longer chains called polymers.

3. Four major types of Macromolecules

4. Dehydration Reaction • Monomers can be linked together by a process called dehydration synthesis • (dehydrate – take out a water molecule. synthesis- to make) • In dehydration synthesis, • 1)a covalent bond forms between the two monomers • 2)a water molecule is also formed from the removal of an –OH and –H from 2 different carbon atoms

5. Hydrolysis Reactions • Polymers can be broken apart by hydrolysis reactions. • In hydrolysis, the addition of a water molecule breaks the covalent bond between monomers, separating the monomers, adding an –OH group to one and a –H group to another.

6. Carbohydrate Structure • Carbohydratesare always composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules in a 1:2:1 ratio (ex: glucose = C6H12O6) • Monosaccharides typically have five or six carbon atoms and function on their own (ex: glucose, fructose; both are C6H12O6 in different arrangements) • Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides joined (ex: sucrose C12H22O11)

7. Carbohydrate Structure • Polysaccharides- many monosaccharides put together (ex: starch)

8. Carbohydrate Function • Carbohydrates are the main source of energy • Polysaccharides play various roles from energy storage (starch: plants and glycogen: animals) to structure (cellulose in plants). • Food for thought:  Why eat pasta dinner the night before the big game and a glucose packet during a marathon?

9. Protein Structure • Proteinsare made by linking amino acids (monomers) together using peptide bonds to make a polypeptide chain (polymer) • Dipeptides are 2 amino acids joined together

10. Protein Structure • All proteins are made from the same 20 amino acids (all amino acids have –NH2 and –COOH), each with different chemical properties. • Peptide bondsform as a result of a dehydration reaction between the –NH2 of one amino acid and the –COOH of another amino acid (releasing H2O).

11. Protein Function • Regulate cell processes, form bone and muscle, move substances in or out of cells, and are part of the immune system • Proteins can act as enzymes – biological catalysts for very specific chemical reactions inside cells/organisms.

12. Enzymes • Activation energy: energy required to start a chemical reaction • Enzymes are catalysts which lower the activation energy, thus speeding up reactions that would otherwise not occur • You have a huge amount of enzymes in your body! • Ex: lactase in your digestive systems breaks down lactose in dairy • Anytime you see an “ase” word, think ENZYME!

13. Activation Energy

14. Lock and Key • Each enzyme is used for a specific reaction because the enzyme has a specific active site • Substrate is the molecule on which enzymes act • A lock (enzyme) and a key (substrate) = Enzyme-Substrate Complex

15. Enzymes While attached to the substrate, the enzyme causes a weakening of certain chemical bonds in the substrate molecule, resulting in a breakdown (hydrolysis) of the substrate into two smaller products.Example: If the substrate was a disaccharide then the products may be 2 monosaccharides

16. The enzyme is unaltered during the reaction and is free to catalyze the breakdown of another substrate molecule.

17. Lipids • Lipids constitute a very diverse group of molecules that all share the property of being hydrophobic and nonpolar. • Made mostly of C and H • Many lipids have fatty acids that can be saturated or unsaturated • Saturated:absence of double bonded carbon atoms which results in the lipid being solid at room temperature (like butter) Unsaturated:presence of double bonded carbon atoms which results in the lipid being liquid at room temperature (like oil)

18. Saturated and Unsaturated Fats

19. Types of lipids

20. Lipid Functions • Lipids are used for pigmentation (chlorophyll), repelling water (cutin, suberin, waxes), protection of all cells (cell membrane) and chemical signaling (hormones).

21. Nucleic Acids • DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid • “D” is for deoxyribose • RNA – ribonucleic acid • “R” is for ribose

22. Nucleotide Structure • Monomer of a nucleic acid = Nucleotides • A nucleotide is made of: • a 5-carbon sugar • a phosphate • a nitrogen base • Guanine • Cytosine • Adenine • Thymine (only in DNA) • Uracil (only in RNA)

23. Nucleic Acid Structure • DNA = Double Helix (2 strands) • 5-C sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate alternate the sides of the “ladder” • Nitrogen bases connect by hydrogen bonds between the “ladder” like the rungs • RNA = one strand

24. Nucleic Acid Function • Nucleic acid function: store/transmit genetic information of organisms