Organic Molecules

1. Organic Molecules Molecules of Life

2. Organic Molecules • Most “life” molecules have a backbone of carbon. • Carbon can form 4 bonds so many atoms can bond and branch off. • Many molecules are composed mostly of carbon & hydrogen = Hydrocarbons

3. Building Blocks • Biomolecules may be made of hundreds to millions of atoms! • Large molecules are built from smaller, repeating units. Monomer = Polymer = Small molecular units that make up a polymer. Long chains of monomers.

4. Monomer & Polymer

5. Life’s Large Polymers • Classified into four main groups • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

6. Carbohydrates STRUCTURE: -Made of: Monosaccharides These are simple sugars. -When you put monosaccharides together, you get:Polysaccharide

7. Function of Carbohydrates: -A key source of energy for the body. -They turn into energy for all cells. • Starch – stored energy in plants • Glycogen – stored energy in animals • Cellulose– structural support in plants Examples of Carbohydrates:

8. Lipids: Fats • Monomers: Glycerol & Fatty Acids • Polymers: Fat • Energy Storage • Hydrophobic: • “Water Fearing”

9. Lipids: Saturated Fats • Saturated Fat – all fatty acid chains contain max of hydrogen atoms (all single bonds). • Solid at room temperature. • Contribute to an unhealthy diet.

10. Lipids: Unsaturated Fats • Unsaturated Fats – contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acid chains. • Liquid at room temp. • Healthier choice.

11. Lipids: Steroids • Carbon skeleton forms four fused rings. • Chemical Message • Example: • Testosterone (male hormone) • Estrogen (female hormone) • Cholesterol

12. Proteins • Monomer: Amino Acid • Polymer: Polypeptide • Examples & Uses: • Body Structures: Hair, Fur, Nails, Muscle. • Long Term Nutrient Storage. • Body Defense – Receptors on Cells • Control Chemical Reactions

13. Let’s Watch! • Watch enzyme animations: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4&feature=related

14. Proteins: Enzymes • Used to speed up chemical reactions in a cell. (lowers the amount of energy needed) • End in “ase” • Protease breaks down proteins • Lipase breaks down fats • Enzymes are catalysts: • Speeds up reaction, can be used over and over again. The reaction does not change it (like a key!) • Acts on a substrate: • The substance that is changed during the reaction.

15. An enzyme lowers the energy needed so that the reaction can work at normal cell temperatures

16. Role Play! • Visualize that our classroom is now a cell, and you are either an enzyme (key) or a substance to be broken down called a substrate (lock). • Circulate to find which enzymes are specific to our substrates. • Quick Write: How does this activity help to represent the role of enzymes?

17. How an Enzyme Works: • Shape of an enzyme only fits particular molecules (substrate) • Active site → where the substrate fits

18. How an Enzyme Works

19. Protein Shape • Proteins are made of chains of amino acids twisted, folded and coiled into a unique shape. • Analogy: • Yarn = string of amino acids • Sweater= protein with a purpose! • The “folds” determine the function. • Denaturation: When proteins are affected and lose their shape. Ex: Frying an Egg

20. Enzyme Model • Cut the two different colors of paper into interlocking puzzle pieces. • Label one color ENZYME (Amylase) Label the other SUBSTRATE (Cracker) • On the enzyme, label the point at which the it locks into the substrate = ACTIVE SITE • Cut out a small chunk of paper out of the substrate where it touches the active site of the enzyme. Label the little piece = e- • At point of missing e-, cut the substrate in half. • Push the enzyme into the substrate to split the products!