Unit 9 Organic Chemistry

1. Unit 9 Organic Chemistry What does “Organic” mean? Historically, Organic molecules came only from Living Organisms. What is Organic Chemistry? Organic Chemistry is The Chemistry of Carbon: 1. Hydrocarbons (C and H only) and 2. Molecules Derived from Hydrocarbons. What are Hydrocarbons? Molecules made of Only Hydrogen and Carbon. What are Homologous Hydrocarbons? Homo-Logos = “Same-Ratio” Carbon-Hydrogen Molecules with similar General Formulae How do the Carbon-Carbon Bonds determine the Type of Hydrocarbon? 1. Alkanes have All Carbon-Carbon Single Bonds. These Hydrocarbons are “Saturated.” 2. Alkenes have One Carbon=Carbon Double Bond. These Hydrocarbons are “Unsaturated.” 3. Alkynes have One Carbon/Carbon Triple Bond. These are also “Unsaturated.”

2. Naming (Nomenclature) of Hydrocarbons What is the Process for Naming (Nomenclature) Hydrocarbons? 1. Begin the name with the Number of Carbon Atoms in the longest, continuous Carbon Chain. 2. End the name with the Type of Hydrocarbon. propyne butane 2-pentene 1-pentene pentane 3-methylhexane 2-hexene What does the 2 indicate? 2-pentyne 2,2-dimethylpentane 2 is the Lowest number of a Carbon with Double Bond. heptane

3. Isomers What are Isomers? Isomers are Molecules with the Same Molecular Formula, but Different Structural Formulae. A Different Arrangement of the Same Atoms. Draw Isomers of C3H8O. How many Bonds does each atom form? Carbon: 4 Bonds Oxygen: 2 Bonds Hydrogen: 1 Bond 1-propanol 2-propanol ethyl methyl ether Give the Correct Name of Each Molecule How does the number of Carbon atoms in a molecule relate to the number of possible Isomers? Draw Isomers of C4H10O. As the number of Carbons Atoms Increases the number of Possible Isomers also Increases. 1-butanol 2-butanol methyl propyl ether diethyl ether 2-methyl-1-propanol 2-methyl-2-propanol

4. Functional Groups What are Functional Groups? Groups of Atoms that give Distinctive Physical and Chemical Properties to Organic Compounds. Ex. Polarity and Partial Charge Affect IFA’s (therefore m.p. & b.p. & Solubility). Some Functional Groups impart Acidic or Basic properties. What is IUPAC? The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry determines Rules for Nomenclature. What is the Process for Naming Organic Compounds with Functional Groups? 1. Determine Longest, Continuous Carbon Chain. Number C’s in a direction to give Groups the Lowest Numbers Possible. 2. Use Ref. Table R to Identify the Type of Functional Group(s) present. 3. In Ref. Table R, check the Example and determine: “How did they name theirs?” 4. List Functional Groups Alphabetically. 5. Use di-, tri-, tetra- for multiple, similar Groups.

5. Organic Reactions What Specific Types of Reactions can Organic Compounds Undergo? 1. Combustion: React with Oxygen (O2) and Produce CO2 + H2O + Energy Write the Balanced Reaction for the Burning of Propane. 1 C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O Write the Balanced Reaction for the Complete Combustion of Ethanol. 1C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O 2. Addition: A Halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) or Hydrogen (H2) reacts by Adding One Atom to Each Carbon in a C=C Double Bond (Alkene) or C/C Triple Bond (Alkyne). Write the Chemical Equation for the Addition of Bromine to Propene. Show Structural Diagrams and Molecular Formulae.

6. Organic Reactions Continued 3. Substitution: A Halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) reacts by Substituting One Atom for One Hydrogen Atom on an Alkane. Another Product is HF or HCl or HBr or HI. Use Structural Diagrams to show the Substitution reaction between Chlorine and Butane. 4. Polymerization: The repeated combination of many small units (monomers) to form one larger molecule (polymer). 4a. Addition Polymerization: Polyethylene is made from many ethene units. Double Bond becomes Single and New Bonds form between the monomers. What Types of Hydrocarbons can undergo Addition Polymerization? Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes and Alkynes (Not Alkanes).

7. More Organic Reactions 4b. Condensation (Dehydration) Polymerization: Identify and Remove Water from between units. Use Broken Bonds to Form New Bonds between monomers.

8. Even More Organic Reactions 5. Esterification: A Dehydration Synthesis between an Alcohol and an Organic Acid forms an Ester. Draw the Structural Diagrams for the Esterification Reaction between 1-Propanol and Acetic Acid. Name the Ester. propyl ethanoate 6. Saponification: The Hydrolysis* Reaction between Fat and Strong Base to Produce Soap and Glycerol. * Hydrolysis = Splitting by Adding Water = Opposite of Dehydration Synthesis  Saponification Na+ What are the Properties of Soap? 1. Polar “head” 2. Nonpolar “tail” Soap can mix with water and oil. Esterification 

9. Organic Reactions 6. Saponification (Continued) Soap Molecule Glycerol Polar: Water Soluble Nonpolar: Oil + Grease Soluble 7. Fermentation: Yeast use enzymes to catalyze the conversion of Sugar into Ethanol and CO2. Write a Chemical Equation for Fermentation. Yeast/Zymase C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Enzymes Sugar Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide Enzymes act as Catalysts. They are Not Consumed as a Reactant.

10. Oxidation of a Primary Alcohol What are the products of the Oxidation of a Primary Alcohol? Alcohol Aldehyde Organic Acid How does the Oxidation Number of the Primary Carbon change in these reactions? The Oxidation Number Increases = Oxidation. -1  +1  +3 Carbon “Loses Electrons” in Bonds with Oxygen.

11. Polypeptides and Proteins are Polymers Made of Amino Acid Monomers

12. Protein Structures

13. The Specific Shapes of Protein Molecules

14. Sugar Molecules Organic Molecules can form Rings. What Type of Reaction Splits Sucrose (disaccharide) into two monosaccharides? Hydrolysis

15. Starch is a Polymer Made of Glucose Monomers

16. Cellulose is Also a Polymer Made of Glucose Monomers