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Cholera

Cholera. What is Cholera. Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae .

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Cholera

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  1. Cholera

  2. What is Cholera • Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. • It has a short incubation period, from less than one day to five days, and produces an enterotoxin that causes a copious, painless, watery diarrhoea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given.

  3. Less than 10% of ill persons develop typical cholera with signs of moderate or severe dehydration. • When cholera occurs in an unprepared community, fatality rates may be as high as 50%, usually because there are no facilities for treatment, or because treatment is given too late.

  4. In contrast, a well-organized response in a country with a well established diarrhoea disease control program can limit the fatality rate to < 1%.

  5. Main areas affected • Cholera occurs in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine. Common locations for cholera include: • Africa • Asia • India • Mexico • South and Central America

  6. Cholera is spread by contaminated water and food. Sudden large outbreaks are usually caused by a contaminated water supply. • It can be transmitted by direct person to person contact, but such transmission is rare. • In highly endemic areas, cholera is mainly a disease of young children, although breastfeeding infants are rarely infected.

  7. Treatment • The objective of treatment is to replace fluid and electrolytes lost through diarrhea. • Depending on your condition, you may be given fluids by mouth or through a vein (intravenous). Antibiotics may shorten the time you feel ill. • The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed an oral rehydration solution that is cheaper and easier to use than the typical intravenous fluid. This solution of sugar and electrolytes is now being used internationally.

  8. Prevention • Travelers should always take precautions with food and drinking water, even if vaccinated. • When outbreaks of cholera occur, efforts should be directed toward establishing clean water, food, and sanitation, because vaccination is not very effective in managing outbreaks.

  9. Prevention of Infectious Diseases • Official Picture 1 • How to prevent cholera • Get inoculation • Don’t drink unboiled water • Eat clean food • Chinese Public Health Posters • http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/cp/index.html

  10. Dr Snow • In 1854 a cholera epidemic raged across Europe. The onset of the disease is sudden and death can result in as little as a week. • In London, one devastating outbreak claimed the lives of 500 people in just ten days. The search for the cure and the cause was fast and furious, but no one had yet stopped the insidious epidemic.

  11. Dr. John Snow walked through London documenting the location of every death. His map indicated that the outbreak had occurred within a 250 yard radius of the Broad Street water pump. • With further research, Dr. Snow explained anomalies and pointed to the water as the main source of the disease. He had the water pump removed. His theory was proved correct within three weeks.

  12. 11/10/2010 - 08:25 NEWS REPORT 13 Children Die in PNG’s Cholera OutbreakThe recent cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea's (PNG) Daru Island, in the Torres Strait, has killed over a dozen children. The infection is spreading quickly on the country's populated island, having already resulted in 64 hospitalisations. The Torres Strait's proximity to Australia has prompted Australia's Queensland health officials to closely monitor the outbreak. Queensland Health's Dr. Steven Donohue says that it's unlikely that the disease will spread to Australia, since "the hygienic conditions which are needed for the threat of cholera juts don't exist in the Australian Torres Strait Islands". Officials are preparing for any cases that spill into Australia, however. "Certainly there will be a communication strategy within the Torres Strait Islands of Australia".

  13. News report • Imagine this report had been published today. • What would be you advice for a person travelling to PNG?? • Inform them about the disease, its symptoms, treatment and prevention.

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