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Cholera

Cholera. Treatment & Prevention in Sierra Leone Zainab Blell MPH Student. Introduction. 2012 Cholera Outbreak in Sierra Leone Purpose for This Briefing Learning Objectives for Today. 2012 Cholera Outbreak. Global health issue affected thousands in Sierra Leone

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Cholera

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  1. Cholera Treatment & Prevention in Sierra Leone ZainabBlell MPH Student

  2. Introduction • 2012 Cholera Outbreak in Sierra Leone • Purpose for This Briefing • Learning Objectives for Today

  3. 2012 Cholera Outbreak • Global health issue affected thousands in Sierra Leone • Worst outbreak in Sierra Leone in 15 years • Highest impacts overcrowded communities and slum areas • Alarming because Cholera is a preventable and easily treatable disease. Reference Schlein, L. (2012). Sierra Leone's Cholera Epidemic Easing But Not Over. Voice of America.com. Retrieved from, http://www.voanews.com/content/cholera-epidemic-in-sierra-leone-easing-but-not-over/1511745.html

  4. PURPOSE • To increase knowledge and reduce the impact or incidence of the disease on Sierra Leoneans • Continue sounding the alarm on the danger of cholera so government officials and their development partners will allot resources to educate communities that are highly susceptible

  5. Learning Objectives • What Cholera is • About Cholera Global Epidemiology • Cholera Epidemic in Sierra Leone • How It’s Transmitted • Symptoms and Diagnosis • Treatment & Prevention • Additional Resources for More Information

  6. About Cholera General Information, Epidemiology, Cholera in Sierra Leone

  7. What Cholera is • An infection of the intestines with a bacteria called VIBRIO CHOLERAE • Bacteria occurs naturally in coastal waters and can attach to shellfish causing infection • Many can be infected by environmentally contaminated food • Diarrhea from infected individuals contain large amounts of the bacteria • In humans the incubation period for symptoms is 1-5 days • Infected patients can recover quickly if treated promptly Reference CDC, (2010). Cholera. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/disease.html CDC, (2011). Cholera: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Retrieved from, http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/epi.html

  8. EPIDEMIOLOGY • 45 countries reported 221,226 cholera cases and 4,946 cholera death • Areas with poor resources continue to report the majority of the cases • Cholera remains endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa • The first number of cases reported in Sierra Leone were in 1970 and 1971 • Most recent large outbreak was in 2007 and 2008 Reference Schlein, L. (2012). Sierra Leone's Cholera Epidemic Easing But Not Over. Voice of America.com. Retrieved from, http://www.voanews.com/content/cholera-epidemic-in-sierra-leone-easing-but-not-over/1511745.html World Health Organization, (2009). Cholera Country Profile: Sierra Leone. Retrieved from, http://www.who.int/cholera/countries/SierraLeoneCountryProfile2009.pdf

  9. Timeline for 2012 Cholera Outbreak in Sierra Leone • February 27: MoHS reported outbreak in Kambia, PortLoko and Pujehun district • Growth of the outbreak spread rapidly once declared in Freetown • On August 16th, President Ernest Bai Koroma declared a national State of Emergency • As of September 20, 18,919 total cases were reported with 273 deaths Reference Schlein, L. (2012). Sierra Leone's Cholera Epidemic Easing But Not Over. Voice of America.com. Retrieved from, http://www.voanews.com/content/cholera-epidemic-in-sierra-leone-easing-but-not-over/1511745.html World Health Organization, (2012). Cholera in Sierra Leone. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_08_22/en/index.html

  10. Cholera Transmission/Risk Factors Where cholera is found, how it is transmitted, who is at risk for contracting cholera Work as a community to combat cholera –see CDC’s link http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/posters/11_229310-E_stigma_print.pd Reference CDC. (2012). Prevention & Control. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/prevention.html

  11. Cholera in the Environment • Cholera naturally lives in water for long period • Poor sanitation that’s aggravated by war, and natural disasters • Poor sewage systems • Overcrowded slums and waterfront

  12. Cholera in Food • SHELL FISH shrimps crabs • RAW FRIUTS AND VEGETABLES lettuce tomatoes guavas • COOKED GRAINS

  13. Symptoms of Cholera • Copious watery stools • Vomiting • Rapid Heart rate • Loss of skin elasticity • Dry mucous membranes • Low blood pressure • Thirst • Muscle cramps • Restlessness and irritability Reference CDC, (2010). Cholera. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/disease.html CDC, (2011). Cholera: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Retrieved from, http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/epi.html

  14. Cholera Treatment • Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) • Sugar Salt Solutions • Intravenous Fluids • Antibiotic therapy • Zinc treatment • what to do if you contract cholera-see link http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/posters/11_229310-B_if_you_get_cholera_adult_print.pdf Reference CDC. (2012). Cholera, Prevention & Control. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/prevention.htm CDC. (2011). Cholera- Treatment. Retrieved from, http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html

  15. Prevention and Control Through Proper Sanitation & Food Preparation

  16. General Sanitation • Wash hands at all times with soap and clean water • If there is no soap, scrub hands with ash or sand and rinse with clean water • Keep kitchen and places where the family bathes and washes clothes clean and separate Reference CDC. (2012). Prevention & Control. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/prevention.html

  17. Use Safe Water • Boil it to a complete boil for one full minute • Treat it with chlorine or household bleach http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/locations.html • Use Safe Water For: • Drinking • Washing and preparing food, like fruits and vegetables • Brushing teeth • Cleaning kitchen utensil Reference CDC. (2012). Prevention & Control. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/prevention.html

  18. Proper Waste Management • Use toilets, latrines, plastics or bury your feces • Keep latrines and toilets clean at all times to prevent flies • If you do not have a toilet or latrine • Defecate 30 meters away from any type of water and bury the feces • Defecate in a plastic bag and dispose it in a latrine or bury it away from any water • Wash hands after defecating with safe water Reference CDC. (2012). Prevention & Control. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/prevention.html

  19. Food Preparation • Food must be cooked well especially seafood! • If you cannot Boil it, Cook it, or Peel it then Leave it! • Do not eat foods that are not washed and peeled or cooked thoroughly. Reference CDC. (2012). Prevention & Control. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/prevention.html

  20. Review of Content Covered: • What is Cholera? • About Cholera Global Epidemiology • Cholera Epidemic in Sierra Leone • How It’s Transmitted/Risk Factors • Symptoms and Diagnosis • Treatment & Prevention • Additional Resources for More Information

  21. Additional Prevention Steps • Allocate resources to provide proper sanitation • Provide safe public wells and toilets • Promote rural migration • Improve case management skills • Strengthen surveillance system and epidemiology investigation • Promote community education on proper hygiene and sanitation all year round

  22. A Note on Vaccination • Offers incomplete, short-term protection • Mass vaccination or routine antibiotics will not prevent the spread of cholera • There are two oral cholera vaccines available: • Dukoral. • ShanChol, Reference CDC. (2012). Cholera: Prevention and Control. Retrieved from, http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/prevention.html

  23. Additional Resources • CDC. (2011). Cholera: General Information including Symptoms. http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/ • CDC. (2012). Cholera: Prevention and Control. http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/prevention.html • CDC Safe Water Website: http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/locations.html • CDC. (2011). Cholera- Treatment. http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html

  24. References • CDC. (2010). Cholera. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/disease.html • CDC. (2011). Cholera: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Retrieved from, • http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/epi.html • CDC. (2012). Cholera: Prevention and Control. Retrieved from, http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/prevention.html • CDC. (2011). Cholera- Treatment. Retrieved from, http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html • Mathiu, S. (2012). Retrieved from http://unipsil.unmissions.org/ • Schlein, L. (2012). Sierra Leone's Cholera Epidemic Easing But Not Over. Voice of America.com. Retrieved from, http://www.voanews.com/content/cholera-epidemic-in-sierra-leone-easing-but-not-over/1511745.html • World Health Organization, (2009). Cholera Country Profile: Sierra Leone. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/cholera/countries/SierraLeoneCountryProfile2009.pdf • WHO, (2012). Cholera in Sierra Leone. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_08_22/en/index.html

  25. Thank You for Attending! Please Help Spread the Word!

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