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Cranial Fossa: Brain and Spinal Cord

Cranial Fossa: Brain and Spinal Cord. PA 481 A&P Tony Serino, Ph.D. Biology Dept. Misericordia Univ. Central Nervous System (CNS). Gray vs. White matter Protection of CNS Meninges CSF flow Brain Development Selected structures Spinal cord Selected structures. Cranial Fossa.

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Cranial Fossa: Brain and Spinal Cord

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  1. Cranial Fossa:Brain and Spinal Cord PA 481 A&P Tony Serino, Ph.D. Biology Dept. Misericordia Univ.

  2. Central Nervous System (CNS) • Gray vs. White matter • Protection of CNS • Meninges • CSF flow • Brain • Development • Selected structures • Spinal cord • Selected structures

  3. Cranial Fossa Anterior Middle Posterior

  4. CNS (Central Nervous System) • Brian and spinal cord • Displays gray and white matter • Gray matter are areas of CNS with many cell bodies of neurons present (little myelinated nerve fibers) • White matter are area of CNS with few cell bodies but many myelinated nerve fibers • Protected by bone and membranes

  5. Gray and White Matter • Since the cerebrum and cerebellum outgrow their cores, gray matter ends up on outside of both structures.

  6. Meninges • Dura Mater –outermost; tough, fibrous CT • In brain, divided into two layers (periosteal and meningeal) • In spine, only one layer with fat filled space above the layer called the epidural space • Arachnoid –middle; web-like appearance • Potential space between Dura and arachnoid is the subdural space • Pia Mater –innermost, delicate membrane fused with CNS surface • Space between Pia and Arachnoid is the subarachnoid space

  7. Meninges of the Spinal Cord Pia mater Epidural space Arachnoid Meninges Dura mater Subdural space Subarachnoid space Dorsal Root Ganglion Centrum

  8. Brain Meninges

  9. Extensions of Dura Materhold brain in cavity Sellar diaphragm (not shown)

  10. Venous Sinuses of Cranium Superior Sagittal Inf. Sagittal Straight Transverse Cavernous Sigmoid

  11. Lateral Venous Lacunae Arachnoid villi

  12. Middle Meningeal Artery Middle Meningeal A. Maxillary A.

  13. Brain Ventricles

  14. Choroid Plexus

  15. CSF (cerebral-spinal fluid) Flow

  16. Hydrocephalus • Blockage of CSF flow can lead to severe brain and/or head enlargement. • In an adult, such swelling would be fatal.

  17. Brain • Development • Structures • Functional Areas

  18. Neural Tube forming

  19. Neural Tube

  20. Brain Vesicles

  21. Flexures and Cerebral Cortex Growth

  22. Major Divisions of Brain Brain Stem = midbrain + pons + medulla

  23. Brain Anatomy (req’d)

  24. Projections vs. Commissures

  25. Functional Anatomy of Brain

  26. Functional Areas of Cerebrum

  27. Primary Motor and Somatosensory Gyri

  28. Putamen and Globus Pallidus Subthalamic nuclei andthe Substantia nigra are usually included Basal Nuclei: cerebral nuclei

  29. Reticular Formation Extends along length of brain stem; used in maintaining alertnesswhile awake; also includes motor nuclei such as centers for Cardiac, Respiratory and Vasomotor control.

  30. RAS receives inputs from eye, ear and genral sensation to maintain alertness

  31. Limbic System: functional system; responsible for emotion and memory Cingulate Gyrus Fornix Mammillary body

  32. Hypothalamus Control of Pituitary

  33. Posterior Pituitary

  34. Anterior Pituitary

  35. Pineal Gland • Plays a major role in circadian rhythm control through its sympathetic connection to the hypothalamus • Melatonin increases at night and decreases during daylight • Implicated in the control of major life changes (such as the onset of puberty and adulthood

  36. Internal Carotid Artery

  37. Blood Supply(Circle of Willis) Ant. Cerebral Ant. Communicating Middle Cerebral Internal Carotid A. Post. Communicating Post. Cerebral Basilar A. Vertebral A.

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