Nervous system : brain , spinal cord

1. Nervoussystem: brain, spinalcord Dr. L. Kiss Anna Department of Anatomy, Histology and DevelopmentalBiology, Semmelweis University 2018

2. Nervous system Centralnervoussystem Peripheralnervoussystem Spinalcordbrain Spinalnerves, cranialnerves, ganglions • Functionally: somatic (axialmuscles) • vegetatíve: (internalorgans)

3. Functional division of the nervous system Somatic Autonomic (vegetative) • voluntary - unvoluntary • starts and stops functions - regulates the functions (slow down-speed up) • segmental - network sympatheticparasympathetic thora-columbar cranio-sacral

4. Centralnervoussystem: Spinalcord

5. Spinal cord: meningeal layers Dura mater: outer layer: endorachis inner layer Arachnoid layer Pia mater Epidural spce Subdural space Subarachnoid space

6. MENINGES Epidural space Subarachnoid space Denticulate ligament

7. Meningeallayers of thespinalcord ganglion spinale arachnoidea filaradicularia dorsalia dura mater ligamentum denticulatum

8. MENINGES Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater: Denticulate ligament

9. MACROSCOPY Enlargements: Cervical enlargement (C4-T1) Lumbosacral enlargement (L2-S3) Conus terminalis Cauda equina Filum terminale Central nervous system Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system Nerves Ganglia

10. cauda equina

11. Lumbal punction

12. Blood supply of the spinal cord

13. Bloddsupply of thespinalcord radicular arteries vertebral artery subclavian artery radicular arteries Aortic arch pathway of the vertebral artery

15. Vasocoronamedullaris • Vertebralartery: • a.spinalisanterior (united) • a spinalisposterior (2) • Radiculararteries: • cervical: vertebral a. • ascending. cerv. a. • deepcerv. a. • thoracal: intercostalaa. • lumbal: lumbalaa. • sacral: lateralsacr. art.

16. CROSS SECTION Dorsal median sulcus Gray matter White matter Ventral median fissure Central canal

17. Crosssection of thespinalcord post. (dors.)median sulcus post. (dorsalis)horn intermediatezone (Th and L2-L3): lat.horn centralcanal ant. (ventral) horn ant. (ventr.) medianfissure

18. SPINAL CORD SEGMENT

19. SPINAL NERVES Dorsal branch Ventral branch

20. SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS Spinal cord ends at the level of the L1 vertebra in adults Lumbar and sacral roots travel several vertebrae down: cauda equina

21. SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS Number of segments: 8 cervical (!) 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal

22. SEGMENTAL INNERVATION Dermatomes: segmental symptomes

23. CERVICAL PLEXUS AND BRACHIAL PLEXUS Cervical plexus (C1-4): Phrenic nerve Branchial plexus (C5-T1): Superior trunk (C5-6) Middle trunk (C7) Inferior trunk (C8-T1)

24. CERVICAL PLEXUS AND BRACHIAL PLEXUS Branchial plexus (C5-T1): Lateral cord (C5-7) Medial cord (C8-T1) Posterior cord (C5-T1)

25. LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS Lumbar plexus (T12-L4): Sacral plexus (L4-S3):

26. Brain

27. Brain Medulla oblongata Pons Midbrain (mesencephalon) Cerebellum Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, hypophysis) Cerebrum Brain stem

28. MEDIANSAGITTAL SECTION OF THE BRAIN STEM M M Mo P Mo

29. Meningeal layers of the brain Dura mater: falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli sinuses: venous blood Aracnhoir layer: cisterns CSF Pia mater: blood vessels

31. VENTRICLES Lateral ventricle 4th ventricle 3rd ventricle

32. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID Production: choroid plexus: into ventricles Absorption: arachnoid villi: from subarachnoid space into superior sagittal sinus

33. BRAIN: Cerebrum SUPERIOR VIEW Frontal lobe Longitudinal cerebral fissure Parietal lobe Occipital lobe

34. BRAIN: LATERAL VIEW Parietal lobe Central sulcus Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Transverse cerebral fissure Lateral cerebral sulcus Cerebellum Temporal lobe Pons Medulla oblongata

35. BRAIN: MEDIANSAGITTAL CUT Longitudinal cerebral fissure Parietal lobe Corpus callosum Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum Temporal lobe

36. praecentral gyrus central sulcus postcentral gyrus

38. BRAIN: INFERIOR VIEW Longitudinal cerebral fissure Olfactory nerve (I) Frontal lobe Optic nerve (II) Optic chiasm Temporal lobe Optic tract Diencephalon Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Occipital lobe

39. BLOOD SUPPLY: ARTERIES Arterial supply: Vertebral artery Internal carotid artery internal carotid artery vertebral artery

40. CIRCLE OF WILLIS Anterior communicating a. Anterior cerebral a. Internal carotid a. Middle cerebral a. Posterior communicating a. Posterior cerebral a. Basilar a. Vertebral a.

41. BLOOD SUPPLY: VEINS Venous drainage: Internal jugular vein: Sinuses Cerebral veins

42. BRAIN STEM: MEDULLA Glossopharyngeal n. (IX) Vagus n. (X) Olive Accessory n. (XI) Pyramid Hypoglossal n. (XII)

43. BRAIN STEM Cerebral aqueduct Cerebellum Midbrain Pons Fourth ventricle Medulla Central canal

44. CEREBELLUM Cerebellar hemisphere Vermis Tonsil

45. CEREBELLUM Fastigial nucleus Cerebellar cortex Globose nucleus Emboliform nucleus White matter Dentate nucleus

46. CEREBELLUM superior cerebellar peduncle midbrain middle cerebellar peduncle pons inferior cerebellar peduncle medulla

47. Functionaldivision of thenervoussystem Somatic Autonomic • voluntary - unvoluntary • starts and stops functions - regulates the functions (slow down-speed up) • segmental - network sympatheticparasympathetic thora-columbar cranio-sacral

48. Autonomicnervoussystem: efferent part Sympathetic Parasympathetic - thoracolumbar segments - craniosacral region - speeds up the functions - slows down the functions (except for digestive system) (except for the digestive system) - empties the stores - filles in the stores - adrenalin, noradrenalin - acetylcholine (sympatho-adrenal system) - last longer - shorter effect • general effect - local effect • short praeganglionic fibers -longer praeganglionic fibers • longer postganglionic fibers shorter postganglionic fibers

50. Dr. Nándor Nagy picture