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BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD. PREPEARED BY: AFSHEEN FATIMA DCW PH-VIII. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF HUMAN BEING. The human central nervous system is made up of; 1. Brain 2. Spinal cord The complete central nervous system consist of up to 100 billions inter-neurons

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BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

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  1. BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD PREPEARED BY: AFSHEEN FATIMA DCW PH-VIII

  2. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF HUMAN BEING • The human central nervous system is made up of; • 1. Brain • 2. Spinal cord • The complete central nervous system consist of up to 100 billions inter-neurons • Brain and spinal cord are protected in protected bony armour, the skull and the vertebral column. • Both the spinal cord and brain are covered in three continuous sheets of connective tissue called meninges.

  3. BRAIN

  4. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF HUMAN BEING • Dura mater • Arachnoid • Pia mater • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): The region between the arachnoid and pia mater is filled with plasma like fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). • Function of CSF: • Bathing the neurons of CNS • To give protection to CNS

  5. BRAIN • The brain of all vertebrates develops from three swellings at the anterior end of the neural canal of the embryo. • Human brain is divided into three parts; • Fore-Brain • Mid-Brain • Hind-Brain

  6. BRAIN

  7. Fore-Brain: • The human forebrain is made up of; • Telencephalon • Diencephalon • The telencephalon is the largest part of fore-brain it is differentiated into two cereberal hemisphere or cereberum.

  8. FORE-BRAIN • Cereberal cortex is the largest and most complex part of human brain. • By means of a prominent groove, called the longitudinal fissure, the brain is divided into two halves called hemispheres. • At the base of this fissure lies a thick bundle of nerve fibers, called the corpus callosum, which provides a communication link between the hemispheres Although the right and left hemispheres seem to be a mirror image of one another, there are important functional distinctions. • Each hemisphere of the cerebrum is subdivided into four lobes.

  9. FORE-BRAIN • Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving. • Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli. • Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing. • Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech.

  10. FORE-BRAIN(DIENCEPHALON): The diencephalon consists of ; • Thalamus • Limbic system. • Thalamus: • The thalamus is a large, dual lobed mass of grey matter cells located at the top of the brainstem, superior to the hypothalamus. The thalamus is a clearing house for sensory impulses as it receives them from different parts of brain and relays them to the appropriate part of the motor cortex. • It controls the pleasure and pain.

  11. Limbic System: The limbic system, often referred to as the "emotional brain", is found buried within the cerebrum. Parts of Limbic System: Hypothalamus Amygdala Hippocampus Some other parts of thalamus FORE-BRAIN(DIENCEPHALON):

  12. FORE-BRAIN(DIENCEPHALON): • Hypothalamus: Hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system via hormone production and release. Affects and regulates blood pressure, heart rate, Mood and motivation, hormonal body processes, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, sexual maturation and the sleep/wake cycle. • Amygdala: It involved in signaling the cortex of motivationally significant stimuli such as those related to reward, punishment and fear in addition to social functions such as mating.

  13. FORE-BRAIN(DIENCEPHALON): HIPPOCAMPUS: It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation. In Alzheimer's disease the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage; memory problems and disorientation appear among the first symptoms.

  14. MID-BRAIN • The midbrain is located between the two developmental regions of the brain known as the forebrain and hind brain. In mammals, particularly in man, mid brain is relatively very small. Within the midbrain is the reticular formation, which is part of the tegmentum, a region of the brainstem that influences motor functions. It receives the sensory information from spinal cord and sends them to the fore-brain.

  15. HIND-BRAIN Cerebellum: The cerebellum, or "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres and has a highly folded surface or cortex. This structure is associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance.

  16. HIND-BRAIN • Pons varolii: is a structure located on the brain stem. It is superior to (up from) medulla oblongata, inferior to (down from) the midbrain and ventral to (in front of) the cerebellum. The pons measures about 2.5 cm in length. It mainly controls with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture. • Reticular formation: is a group of nerve fibers located inside the brainstem. Reticular formation important in regulating Arousal, Attention, Cardiac Reflexes, Motor Functions, consciousness or wakefulness.

  17. HIND-BRAIN Medulla oblongata: • Medulla oblongata also called the myelencephalon, the lowest part of the brainstem. The medulla oblongata looks like a swelling at the tip of the spinal cord. • The medulla oblongata regulates the reflex responses that control breathing, heart beat, blood pressure, coughing, swallowing, hiccupping, sneezing, vomiting, digestion and other essential involuntary functions.

  18. BRAIN-STEM The lower extension of the brain where it connects to the spinal cord. It is formed by the combination of medulla oblongata, pons varolii and mid–brain. Neurological functions located in the brainstem include those necessary for survival (breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure) and for arousal (being awake and alert). The brainstem is the pathway for all fiber tracts passing up and down from peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the highest parts of the brain.

  19. BRAIN-STEM

  20. SPINAL CORD • The spinal cord extends down from the brain stem at the base of the skull, enclosed in the vertebral canal; brain and spinal cord in continuity comprise the central nervous system. • The outer layer of the spinal cord consists of white matter, i.e., myelin-sheathed nerve fibers. These are bundled into specialized tracts that conduct impulses triggered by pressure, pain, heat, and other sensory stimuli or conduct motor impulses activating muscles and glands.

  21. SPINAL CORD • The inner layer, or gray matter, has a butterfly-shaped cross-section and is mainly composed of nerve cell bodies. Within the gray matter, running the length of the cord and extending into the brain, lies the central canal through which the cerebrospinal fluid circulates. • The spinal cord mediates the reflex responses to some sensory impulses directly, i.e., without recourse to the brain, as when a person's leg is tapped producing the knee jerk reflex.

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