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LAND COVER INVESTIGATION

LAND COVER INVESTIGATION. Mapping. Data Collection. Manual and Computer-aided Mapping and Change Over Time Protocols. Land Cover Sample Site and Biometry Protocols. LAND COVER INVESTIGATION. Collect MANY Land Cover Sample Sites.

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LAND COVER INVESTIGATION

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  1. LAND COVER INVESTIGATION Mapping Data Collection Manual and Computer-aided Mapping and Change Over Time Protocols Land Cover Sample Site and Biometry Protocols

  2. LAND COVER INVESTIGATION • Collect MANY Land Cover Sample Sites. • Map your GLOBE Study Site using the data and topographic maps, aerial photos, etc. with manual mapping or computer-aided mapping. • Carry out an accuracy assessment. • Analyze change in two images several years apart.

  3. *GPS *compass *MUC Field Guide or MUC System Table and MUC Glossary of Terms *camera *pen or pencil *Land Cover Sample Site and GPS Data Sheets *clipboard Student Field Guides for Land Cover Sample Site,* GPS* and Biometry Protocol *knowledge of your individual pace vegetation field guides markers for permanent sites 50m tape measure flags LAND COVER SAMPLE SITE PROTOCOL What you need in the field: *MUC-A-THON (no Biometry) quick and easy minimum.

  4. LAND COVER SAMPLE SITE PROTOCOL • 90m X 90m • Homogeneous land cover (same MUC throughout) • At least one per land cover type found in your Study Site • Three observations • latitude, longitude, elevation (GPS) • MUC • photos

  5. LAND COVER SAMPLE SITE PROTOCOL

  6. LAND COVER SAMPLE SITES • The thorough study in a homogeneous site: • mark the four corners of your 90m x 90m site and the four corners of the center 30m x 30m pixel • pace both diagonals and collect canopy and ground cover data • measure the heights of the dominant land cover(s) (trees, shrubs and/or graminoids) • determine MUC • take GPS measurements • take photos in the four cardinal directions

  7. LAND COVER SAMPLE SITES • The MUC-A-THON quick and easy: • pace (N, W, E, S) into the center of a homogeneous site (at least 45m) from a different land cover type (ex. road) • take GPS measurements • take photos in the four cardinal directions • determine MUC • Cannot determine MUC? • pace the diagonals, collect canopy and ground cover data, take any height measurements that you need OR • find another site where you do not need to take measurements

  8. USING GPS IN A LAND COVER SAMPLE SITE We need to compare each Land Cover Sample Site on the ground to the corresponding area on the image. • If we take the average of 5 minutes of GPS readings, our position is accurate to about ± 5m. • It is impossible to determine the exact corner location of a single pixel on the ground. • By collecting GPS data in the center of the site, we know that within the positional accuracy of the imagery and ground, the center pixel is within the 90m x 90m Land Cover Sample.

  9. GPS PROTOCOL • Stand at the center of the site • Record the GPS measurements (to the highest number of decimal places for your GPS) once per minute for 5 minutes • Average the readings • Report to the highest decimal place (at least 4) • Use the offset GPS Protocol if you cannot get a reading from the center of the site

  10. BIOMETRY PROTOCOL • Vegetation measurements • canopy (tree and/or shrub) and ground cover • tree, shrub and/or graminoid height • tree circumference • graminoid biomass • All relevant Biometry measurements should be taken in order to determine and/or verify the correct land cover class. • After that, it’s up to you!

  11. BIOMETRY EXAMPLES

  12. SITE SELECTION AND SET-UP • Determine if it is 90m x 90m • Take biometry measurements along diagonals of center 30m x 30m pixel • four student groups • one along each diagonal • combine data

  13. PACING • Convenient measurement of distance - no need to take along a meter tape • One pace = 2 steps • To find key number of paces: • stretch out a 50m tape • walk along it three times and average the number of paces you find for each of these measurements: • 30m: length of one side of a sampling pixel • 45m: distance to the center of a Land Cover Sample Site from one side • 21.2m: one-half of the center pixel diagonal (gives you how many canopy and ground cover measurements to make)

  14. PACING

  15. MARKING YOUR SITE (optional) Establish the center of your square by pacing the diagonal transects of the square and placing a marker where the two paths intersect. You may use string to make these diagonals. Also note that the two diagonals should be of equal length.

  16. MAKING AND USING A DENSIOMETER

  17. MAKING AND USING A DENSIOMETER

  18. GROUND AND CANOPY COVER • What you need in the field • tubular densiometer • Tree and/or Shrub Canopy Cover and Ground Cover Data Sheet(s) • pen or pencil • compass • species ID keys or local species guides • clipboard

  19. GROUND AND CANOPY COVER From the center, at every pace along the half-diagonal:

  20. GROUND AND CANOPY COVER • look up through densiometer crosshairs • record a (+), T or SB if you see canopy • record if it is E or D • record species or common name • no canopy, record (-) • look down for vegetation touching your legs or feet below the knee • record B or G for rooted (live) veg. • record GD, FB, OG, SB, DS • forb examples: clover, sunflowers, ferns, and milkweeds • record (-) for no ground cover

  21. MAKING AND USING A CLINOMETER

  22. MAKING AND USING A CLINOMETER

  23. VEGETATION HEIGHT • What you need in the field • 50 m measuring tape • flexible measuring tape • small bean bag • Graminoid, Tree and Shrub Height Data Sheet • pen or pencil • permanent tree markers (optional) • clinometer • species ID keys or other local species guides • blindfold

  24. VEGETATION HEIGHT • Graminoid and shrub height • use a bean bag to choose samples • average three measurements • Tree height (for level ground)* • choose tallest tree & shortest tree that reaches canopy, three in between • dominant and co-dominant species • be at least as far away as it is tall • clinometer close to 30 *Note: When the tree base and your feet are not at the same height, see the field guides for other methods!

  25. VEGETATION HEIGHT • measure three times • average must be within 1m of the heights • measure the same trees, report heights & circumferences in the same order

  26. TREE CIRCUMFERENCE • What you need in the field • flexible measuring tape • Tree Circumference Data Sheet • pen or pencil • species ID keys or other local species guides

  27. TREE CIRCUMFERENCE • Tree circumference • same trees as tree height • measured at 1.35m

  28. GRAMINOID BIOMASS • What you need in the field • small bean bag • Graminoid Biomass Data Sheet • pen or pencil • blindfold • grass clippers or strong scissors • small brown paper bags • species ID keys or other local species guides • IN THE CLASSROOM: balance and drying oven

  29. GRAMINOID BIOMASS • Within random 1m square • clip all attached graminoid vegetation at ground • discard leaves, twigs, non-grasses • sort into brown (senescent) and green (living) clippings • place separately into brown paper bags • repeat twice for a total of 3 samples • In the classroom • dry the bags in a drying oven (50-70° C) until mass no longer changes • calculate mass of brown and green graminoids

  30. MAPPING • Manual Mapping • satellite image (print) • transparency markers • tranparency • reference data, maps, aerial photos, etc. • Computer-aided Mapping (Advanced)

  31. MAP USES • studying the habitat of a certain animal or plant • looking at the succession of fields to forests • studying the rate of growth of a particular village, town or city • looking at the amount of undeveloped land • deciding how to protect water resources • deciding where to plant certain crops during the next growing season. • deciding new school boundaries • choosing where to connect recreational trails to create one continuous system • deciding how to efficiently run public transportation • studying another specific question

  32. MAPPING

  33. MAPPING

  34. MAPPING

  35. LANDSAT IMAGE Using the Land Cover data entry pages, you can request your GLOBE Study Site image once you have reported 250 measurements and submitted the GPS coordinates of your school location.

  36. MANUAL MAPPING • Assemble your materials • Place transparency over the satellite image • Using topographic maps and aerial photographs, start to outline areas • To start, use common names but work up to MUC classes!

  37. MANUAL MAPPING Identify Water Bodies

  38. MANUAL MAPPING Transportation Features Are Added

  39. MANUAL MAPPING Buildings and Developed Areas are Added

  40. MANUAL MAPPING Vegetated Areas and Other Features are Added

  41. MANUAL MAPPING Final Product - Student Classified Land Cover Map

  42. MANUAL MAPPING Outline Roads Outline Water

  43. MANUAL MAPPING Outline Other Classes Final Land Cover Map

  44. MANUAL MAPPING

  45. MANUAL MAPPING

  46. ACCURACY ASSESSMENT

  47. Site 1 1222 Site 6 Site 2 1121 Site 3 Site 8 92 1121 1121 Site 4 Site 5 92 Site 7 91 1222 ACCURACY ASSESSMENT After we collect many Land Cover Sample Sites throughout the GLOBE Study Site, perform an accuracy assessment on the land cover type map.

  48. ACCURACY ASSESSMENT Using the Land Cover Sample Site data, complete the Accuracy Assessment Work Sheet.

  49. ACCURACY ASSESSMENT Build an empty difference/error matrix. Label the matrix with the titles and MUC classes.

  50. ACCURACY ASSESSMENT Tally each row of data.

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