The role of scaling techniques employed

1. The role of scaling techniques employed Role of investments in communications, TOT etc.

2. Why are we here? • JeremiasMowo: African Highland Initiative for 10 years – developed approaches for scaling up; why are technologies not moving into practice? (has all the solutions!) • Richard Hatfield: Efforts on ground, want to scale up; share experiences trying to scale up • KirosHagdu: Success stories here and there; how to scale up and out? How to translate knowledge into action?

3. Why are we here (2)? • Murray Roberts: 80% of country is dryland – huge area, phenomenal degradation, almost no efforts to reclaim – need to start • Eike Luedeling: Climate analogues, potentially useful for upscaling, climate-proofing of projects • Etienne Kaisin: Drylands work over 15 years, now IFAD; needs successful case studies for upscaling by IFAD; first project: upscale Tana River experiences

4. Review of case studies • Laikipia: successful project with target group – different groups came in and grazed • (Initial) livestock exclusion may create degradation elsewhere • How to make people act? • Limited ways to sell livestock  overgrazing Challenge • Project scale must be larger • Declare war on problem? • Better infrastructure, market access Solution?

5. Review of case studies • No policy for semi-arid areas, not a government priority, role of many small-scale suppliers in drylands not recognized • Limited information on drylands, no statistics on production Challenge • Dryland policy for drylands (e.g. tenure rights) • Provide more facts on drylands, highlight potentials, “wake people up” • Move policy-makers, extension workers to drylands Solution?

6. Recommended actions / opportunities • Sensitize high-level politicians for dryland issues • Holistic value-chain analysis of dryland development • Demonstrate benefits from infrastructure modernization (roads, abattoirs), market development • Do and disseminate cost-benefit analyses of infrastructure development • Famine relief may be counterproductive • Gather more knowledge about livestock keepers; who owns livestock? etc. • Community participation crucial for upscaling, sustainability

7. Recommended actions / opportunities • Recognize local power structure and use to guide land management • Stimulate private initiative in drylands, open economic opportunities (land tenure, infrastructure) • Adjust approaches to local circumstances • Partnerships between organizations based on common vision, speak with one voice to policy-makers and donors • Eco-literacy in schools, curriculum for pastoral people • Capacity building/training in rangeland/dryland management

8. Recommended actions / opportunities • Donors are fed up with pilot projects  opportunity to attract funds for upscaling (generate and apply knowledge for upscaling) • Drylands need LONG projects, short-term doesn’t work, time frame of 10+ years needed, long enough to address immediate problems and demonstrate success of improved long-term land management • Strategies to keep communities interested • Pathways out of poverty

9. Recommended actions / opportunities • Find ways to do microfinance in areas where there’s no collateral • Find ways to convince bank to lend to small-scale pastoral investors (one project took 8 years to be successful) • Identify local champions with long-term commitment • Knowledge management and networking (operate as consortium)

10. Roles of different actors • Partners must commit long-term • Partners from all levels and scales needed, contributions from grassroots needed • Bottom-up needed, especially in project design • Actors should operate as part of a comprehensive dryland strategy, should work together • Strategy first, define roles later • ‘The bare land war room’

11. How? • How to develop locally adapted strategies? • How to get enough stakeholders involved? • How to provide support to such a large area as the African drylands? • How to build sufficient extension network? • Can returns from improved management be used to support private extension system?