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Topic 2.0 – Technological Developments for Space Exploration

Topic 2.0 – Technological Developments for Space Exploration. 2.1 – Technologies for Transport. What is considered “space”? Out of the Earth’s atmosphere – an object must travel at least at 28 000km/h.  . 2.1 – Technologies for Transport. A. Space Transport

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Topic 2.0 – Technological Developments for Space Exploration

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  1. Topic 2.0 – Technological Developments for Space Exploration

  2. 2.1 – Technologies for Transport What is considered “space”? • Out of the Earth’s atmosphere – an object must travel at least at 28 000km/h.  

  3. 2.1 – Technologies for Transport A. Space Transport Satellites – any smaller body that is orbiting a larger one; Ex. Natural satellite - moon is a satellite for the Earth • Ex. Artificial – human-placed satellites transmit non-stop information for use in communications, navigation, research and weather forecasting

  4. Which is artificial? Which is natural??

  5. Think Lab: How do we get artificial satellites into orbit? Discuss with a partner some ideas….. Imagine throwing a ball – what does the shape of its path look like? Imagine shooting a bullet from a gun – what would its path look like? Now, imagine shooting a cannon - essentially the object is falling back to Earth at the same rate the Earth is curving….so its falling back to Earth but never getting there.

  6. 2.1 – Technologies for Transport • Space Probes – remote controlled landers/satellites that explore areas • Landing of current Mars probe, Curiosity • Have investigated all the planets of our solar system except Pluto Phoenix Mars Lander space probe

  7. 2.1 – Technologies for Transport B. Historical Space Transport • 1957 – Soviet Union releases 1st artificial satellite – size of a basketball • called “SPUTNIK” • -Sputnik II released 1 month later which carried a dog named “LAIKA” • 1962- Canada became 3rd nation in world to launch its own satellite (ALOUETTE I)

  8. Sputnik I (left) Sputnik II (right) carrying Laika – this satellite was burned up re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere

  9. 2.1 – Technologies for Transport B. Historical Space Transport • Manned Spacecraft (ex. Mir, International Space Station) – conduct studies while in Earth’s orbit • Biological and chemical experiements while in microgravity Candle on Earth, candle on ISS

  10. Mir – Russian space station -orbited the earth for 15 years (only expected to orbit 5) -Russian brought it down back in 2001 (remains landed in Pacific ocean)

  11. Quick Facts: - has been manned for 12 years -is a collaborative project between Nations -shuttles can dock and repair problems on probes ISS – where is it? ISS – sleeping quarters and kitchen MIR Russion Space Station

  12. 2.1 – Technologies for Transport C. Science of Rocketry Rocket -an aircraft which obtains thrust by ejection of fast moving fluid from within a rocket engine. • Uses the MAIN IDEA: “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction” • Therefore if a rocket is ejecting fluid downward, the equal and opposite force would be forcing the rocket upward.***

  13. ex. Balloon – let the air out – balloon travels in opposite direction

  14. 2.1 – Technologies for Transport D. Basic Components to a Rocket • 1. Structural/Mechanical Elements – rocket, engines, storage tanks • 2. Fuel – can be any: liquid oxygen, gasoline, liquid hydrogen • is ignited which caused the gas to expand and leave as exhaust • 3. Payload- materials needed for flight crew, water, air, people

  15. 2.1 – Technologies for Transport

  16. 2.1 – Technologies for Transport • Gravitational assist – a method of acceleration that enables a rocket to gain speed by using gravity • Rocket is sent around the earth. • Gravity attracts the rocket and speeds up the rocket causing it to slingshot away.

  17. 2.1 – Technologies for Transport E. Future of Spacecraft Technology 1.Ion Drives • Use xenon fuels, which gives less force (10000x) but lasts longer than regular fuels • Spacecrafts travel faster with ion drives

  18. 2.1 – Technologies for Transport E. Future of Spacecraft Technology 2. Solar Sails • Using “sails” for propelling a rocket (similar to a sail boat) • The Sun emits energy in the form of photons (particles) that transfer their energy to the sail when they hit the sail

  19. 2.1 – Technologies for Transport F. Shuttles, Space Probes and Space Stations Three main types of spacecraft: • 1. Shuttles – transports personnel and equipment to orbiting spacecraft • 2. Space Probes – contain instrumentation for carrying out robotic exploration of space ex. Voyager

  20. 2.1 – Technologies for Transport Shuttles, Space Probes and Space Stations • 3. Space Station – orbiting spacecraft that have living quarters, work areas and all the support systems needed to survive for extended periods of time • Ex. Russian Mir Station, International Space Station • ISS- Joint partnership between US, Russia, Japan, Europe and Canada

  21. 2.2 – Surviving in Space A. Hazards of Living in Space 1. Environmental Hazards • Water and air use are limited • Risk of getting hit by meteoroids • Damaging effects of cosmic rays and solar radiation (mutate cells- cause cancer)

  22. Expedition 11 Flight Engineer and NASA ISS Science Officer John Phillips floats inside the International Space Station's Destiny Laboratory

  23. 2.2 – Surviving in Space A. Hazards of Living in Space 2. Psychological Challenges to Confined Living • Cramped areas (claustrophobia) • Lack of social interaction • Video clip : stop at 2:06

  24. ChristerFuglesang Participates in a Spacewalk

  25. 2.2 – Surviving in Space • Hazards of Living in Space 3. The Body of Microgravity • Weightlessness causes changes to body • Bones expand, due to lack of pressure • Heart rate lowers because it is not as hard to pump blood • Muscles weaken (do not get exercised)

  26. The Space Suit • Everything needed to sustain life must be present in the suit: air, water, heating/cooling system and a toilet • Must be flexible – must be able to turn a wrench • Is custom-designed to each person

  27. 2.2 – Surviving in Space • Gravity- the force of attraction between masses. The larger the difference in masses, the greater the gravity present Ex. Earth mass=6x1024kgs Human mass 85kgs • Microgravity – the condition in which gravitational forces that act on a mass are greatly reduced (such as in space)

  28. 2.2 – Surviving in Space B. Recycling-essential for life in space • Materials on board must be recyclable or reusable • All water (drinking, urine, hygiene) on board is filtered, purified and recycled • Oxygen is supplied by electrolysis of water • Electrolysis is the splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen • Video Clip : Big Bang Theory

  29. The main problem with current urine filtering technology is that it uses machinery that requires a lot of electricity from the ship’s limited supply. This “water-conversion kit” makes use of a process called forward osmosis that pulls the urine through a semi-permeable membrane, and fully filters a full bag in just a couple of hours. Recycling urine in this way has a significant effect on a ship’s payload, and considering that a single pound adds $10,000 of cost, that slight weight difference can translate to serious savings. NASA's Pee Recycling Bag Turns Urine Into a Sports Drink by Cliff Champion, 07/10/11

  30. The actual conversion process is fairly simple. To avoid the messiness of zero-gravity fluid transfers, waste liquid is drawn by syringe through a T-shaped valve. On the other end of the valve is the receptacle bag, and a switch is flipped to seamlessly transfer the waste liquid with the filled syringe. The final step is to let the bag do its magic, and 4-6 hours later, you have yourself a drink that (according to a daring Japanese cameraman) resembles Capri Sun.

  31. C. Functions of Life Support Systems (on ISS) • Recycle wastewater for drinking water • Recycle water to make oxygen • Remove CO2 from air • Filter micro-organisms and dust from air • Keep air pressure, temperature and humidity stable

  32. 2.3 – Using Space Technology • Reminder: Satellites are objects that orbit around larger objects Ex. Moon is a natural satellite of Earth Communication satellites – are placed in Low Earth Orbit or Geosynchronous Orbit

  33. 2.3 – Using Space Technology A. Geosynchronous orbit- when satellites orbit at the same rate that the Earth spins • Satellites are placed 36 000km above Earth • Since the satellite is traveling at the same speed as the earth is rotating, the satellite can monitor the same area at all times

  34. Only 5 are needed to cover entire Earth (however, does not cover polar regions) Ex. Weather satellites, telephones, TV

  35. 2.3 – Using Space Technology B. Low Earth Orbit – When satellites are placed 200 to 800km above Earth • Rotate around earth once per 1.5 hours • Enables remote sensing (provides information on the environment of the earth such as heat, solar reflection)

  36. 2.3 – Using Space Technology C. GPS – global positioning system • Allows information about an object’s position at any given time • Done through the positioning of 24 satellites around earth – therefore 3 are able to be used at any one time • Uses triangulation (the use of 3 data points to plot a position)

  37. A note about space junk…. • How to remove space junk -article • http://news.discovery.com/space/cubesails-to-drag-space-junk-from-orbit.html Vanguard I – launched by US in 1958, is the oldest space debris -located in MEO; lost contact in 1964 and will remain orbitting Earth for 240 years….until 2204!

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