WORLD WAR I (The Great War) 1914-1918

1. WORLD WAR I(The Great War) 1914-1918

2. War 1870-1871 Between France and Prussia • One of the Wars to Unify all of Germany • Prussia(Germany) won the war and took territories of Alsace and Loraine • Caused tension between the nations and French desire to regain land. Franco-Prussian War

3. 1. Imperial Competition = expansionism and rivalriesover colonies and trade -Africa Prime Example more colonies the more wealth -Elimination or conquest of rivals increases colonial, military, economic power -More access to raw materials and market to sell goods -Industrial revolution made supply of goods faster • 2. Extreme Nationalism = belief in national superiority among dense and diverse European populations • -Italy and Germany newly formed nations • Prior were many different small kingdoms were united under common culture and language in late 1800’s • These nations wanted to prove their world power of GB, FR, and RUSSIA Background Causes of WWI (8.1)(the “powder keg”)

4. 3. Entangling Alliances • Countries made a series of alignments for defensive purposes • These actions would bring other nations into war based on minor situations Alliances

6. 4. Trouble in Balkans -Austria-Hungary controlled Bosnia • Serbia wanted control of Bosnia(Slavic People) • Bosnians and Serbians wanted separation from AH • AH was German Speaking nations seen as intruders • Terrorist organizations formed to push them out (Black Hand) • Russia had an alliance with Serbia (Slavic connections) • Russia also wanted more influence in the area • Instability in the region

7. belief that military force should be used to achieve national goals • glorification of war • quick mobilization of massive armies • military drafts (conscription) • huge build-up of newest technological weapons capable of mass slaughter • IN combination with nationalism set a stage for countries to have huge arsenal ans need an excuse to use them for their benefit 5. Militarism

8. Assassination of archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to Austro-Hungarian throne) on June 28, 1914 in Sarejavo • GavriloPrincip, 19 yr old Serb terrorist (“Black Hand”) • Serbia wanted Bosnia to form Slavic empire in Balkans Immediate Cause of World War I(the “spark!”)

10. German Kaiser William II gave A-H full support for strong action vs. Serbia • (Both Ethnic German nations)

11. Serbia’s ally Russian Czar Nicholas IIsupported Serbian sovereignty. • (Both Ethnic Slavic nations) • Serbia rejected some of Austria’s demands. A-H gave Serbia an ultimatum of extreme demands.

12. Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, led to a chain reaction or “domino effect” among allies. • Russia fully mobilized its army support Serbia • Germany felt threatened and declared war on Russia. • (France was ally of Russia) War is Declared

13. Schlieffen Plan = a swift invasion & defeat of France through neutral Belgium on the western front, • then focus united military efforts on eastern front vs. Russia. Germany faced a two-front war (France on the west & Russia on the east.)

14. Germany declared war on France & issued an ultimatum to Belgium demanding free passage • Belgium refused & was crushed, • but delayed German plans. • France just enough time to prepare for German attack from Belgian border • (crowded French taxi cabs used to transport troops to front lines!) • Western Front was created Germany declared war on France

17. for “Rape of Belgium.” By Aug. 4, all major European powers were at war! • actions upset U.S. but U.S. stays Neutral Britain declared war on Germany

20. Some pacifists spoke out vs. war, butthe militarists won out = glorification of war (see photo p. 431.) • Many believed that war would be an exciting adventure, their country’s cause was just & soldiers would be home by Christmas. CH 8 Section 2 WWI Escalates into Global conflict

21. ALLIES • Russia, Serbia, France, Britain, Italy, United States • CENTRAL POWERS • Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire “World War I Alliances”

22. Western Front = Schlieffen Plan halted at Battle of the Marne a few miles from Paris. • The war became a stalemate, so both sides dug in and built hundreds of miles of trenches. • Eastern Front = Russian army moved into eastern Germany but was defeated at Battles of Tannenberg & Masurian Lakes. Russians retreated. The 2 Fronts

24. A-H defeated in Galicia, thrown out of Serbia & attacked by Italians. • Germans helped Austrians and pushed Russians back. • ( Russian casualties were extremely high) • Germany, A-H & Bulgaria eliminate Serbia from the war. • Successes in east allowed German focus on western front. Fighting in the East

25. Trenches were defended w. barbed wire, machine guns, • “No Man’s Land.” land between trenches • Used Mustard Gas- burned. blistered skin, blinded eyes & suffocation • “Live and let live” agreement between opposing trenches (unofficial rules war) Trench warfare

26. US soldier Arthur Guy Empey wrote (sticky mud, bodies laying “still” to “rest” in France, keep head down, look for snipers, lying on ground digging, “don’t duck at the crack of a bullet Yank,” “my heart turned to lead.”

27. They ordered huge artillery bombardments of opposing trenches and then massive ground assaults of soldiers. • led to massive slaughters. • WWI became a war of attrition (eg. Battle of Verdun and 700,000 fatalities!) Officers puzzled how to deal w. stalemate & modern weapons

28. Industrial Revolution created railroads, factories & technology used in “modern” war. • Airplanes (Air Power) used for reconnaissance, bombing & “dog-fights.” • Germans also used zeppelins. An Industrial War

29. Allies tried to open Balkan front at Gallipoli, but withdrew after great losses. • A new front opened vs. Austria-Hungary after Italy switched sides • (Italy promised Austrian land after war.) Other Major offenses

30. TE Lawrence was British officer who urged Arabs revolt vs. Turks. • Governor of Makkah (Mecca) declared Arabia independent. • British advanced from Egypt to conquer Ottomans by Oct., 1918. Lawrence of Arabia

31. India, Australia & New Zealand to fight in Middle East. • Britain, Australia & Japan seized German colonies in Africa, Asia and Pacific. Britain mobilized forces within empire

32. ANY ships were potential targets. • German sub sank passenger ship Lusitania w/o warning. • Most passengers were drowned (total of 1,195 fatalities, including 94 children and 123 Americans.) • Became propaganda tool vs. Germany Germany’s policy of unrestricted submarine (U-boat) warfare

33. Germany accused Britain of hiding weapons & ammunition on the Lusitania. • Investigative team suggested that the second, explosion was due to the ignition of coal dust in storage bins. Why attack the Lusitania

35. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson demanded Germany stop unrestricted sub warfare. • Germany temporarily stopped. • Wilson did not want U.S. to get into a European war. US opinion

36. 1. Unrestricted sub-warfareresumed by Germany in 1917 (to break naval blockade & starve Britain.) • U.S. casualties (violation of freedom of the seas.) Germany under-estimated America’s response. • 2. Rape of Belgium • 3. Allied Propaganda • 4. Cultural Ties with Britain (mother country) • 5. Zimmermann Note (secret German telegram asking Mexico to declare war on the U.S.!) • War declared in 1917 Large troop numbers arrive 1918 CAUSES FOR U.S. ENTRY INTO WWI

38. total war directly affected lives of citizens as well as soldiers. • Increased govt. social, political & economic powers (planned economies.) • Govts. resorted to police powers, limiting civil rights, censorship & propaganda to stop internal dissent. • War created job opportunities for women in jobs traditionally held by men. • Most jobs temporary, but some permanent, although paid less. • Women also gained suffrage Home Front

39. Edith Cavell = British nurse helped Allied soldiers & was executed by Germans for aiding the enemy. Edith Cavell

40. The Russian Revolution ch 8.3

41. Discontent among all classes • Agitation from dedicated revolutionaries • Weak leadership of Czar Nicholas II • Influence of "holy man" Rasputin on czar’s family & govt. policies • Defeat in Russo-Japanese War Bloody Sunday! workers petitioned and demanded rights from Czar. - Czar’s general orders troops to fire on crowd (500-1000 dead) CAUSES of Russian Revolutions (early 1900s:)

43. Huge losses in World War I • Food shortages, strikes by women and riots • Vladimir Lenin (Marxist) was a talented leader & his promises of “peace, land & bread” appealed to masses. • Troops began joining revolutionaries

44. Abdication of czar in March, 1917 • Provisional government created under Kerensky • Soviets grew in power in major Russian cities • Provisional govt. failed, due to continuation of war effort • Lenin, who had been exiled, was secretly returned to Russia by Germany • Bolsheviks seized govt. in Nov., 1917 • Lenin assumed control of new Bolshevik govt. EVENTS of Russian Revolutions:

45. Peace with Germany under Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (harsh terms vs. Russia.) • Bolsheviks (Communists)totally in control of govt., politics, economy & Red Army • Leon Trotsky became talented Commissar of War, who reinstated draft & was rigid disciplinarian • (he was later exiled & then assassinated in Mexico by agents of Stalin) EFFECTS of Russian Revolutions:

46. Other political parties banned, economy ruined, strict, centralized control by Communist party. • Red Terror (“Cheka” secret police destroyed counter-revolutionaries) Communist strictly control others

47. Czar and his whole family executed (wife Alexandria the czarina, son Alexis czaravich & heir) and four daughters including Anastasia Royal Family Assassinated

48. 15 Million Russians die in this conflict • Communists (Reds) won and Russia was renamed the Soviet Union, the world's first communist country. Bloody civil war 1918-21 (Reds vs. Whites)

49. “Yanks & Tanks” • turned tide of war in the Allies favor. The END of WWI and its Aftermath 8.4

50. Turkish genocide of Armenian Christians (approx. 1 million killed.) Crimes vs. humanity! • Britain & France divided Ottoman lands in Middle East. • Colonel Mustafa Kemal called for creation of a new Republic of Turkey • (last sultan fled, end of empire.) OTTOMAN EMPIRE COLLAPSES