CLIMATOLOGY OF CHINA

1. CLIMATOLOGY OF CHINA

2. CLIMATOLOGY OF CHINA • GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION • TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES • AIR MASSES • SEASONS OF CHINA • PRECIPITATION • TEMPERATURE • AVIATION WEATHER HAZARDS

3. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION RUSSIA KAZAKSTAN MONGOLIA KYRGYZTAN TAJIKISTAN 96 LAKH SQ KM Qtr of Asia,whole of Europe KOREA YELLOW SEA CHINA NEPAL BHUTAN EAST CHINA SEA TAIWAN BURMA VIETNAM LAOS SOUTH CHINA SEA PHILLIPINES

4. GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD 53°N 135°E 42°N 73°E 4500 KM 4400 KM 1600 KM 26°N 135°E 24°N

5. TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF CHINA

6. MOUNTAINS - 4 3% PLATEAU - 26% BASINS - 19% PLAINS - 12% DISTRIBUTION OF LAND

7. GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS OF CHINA NE CHINA THE MONGOLIAN BORDERLANDS NORTHWEST CHINA NORTH CHINA THE TIBETAN PLATEAU SOUTH CHINA

8. NORTH WEST CHINA AND MONGOLIAN BORDERLANDS MONGOLIA ALTAI RANGES JUNGGAR PENDI BASIN GOBI DESERT TARPUN PEND I BELOW SEA LEVEL ELEV` TIAN SHAN MOUNTAINS TARIM BASIN TARIM HE TAKLA MAKAN DESERT

9. NORTH AND SOUTH CHINA SHANDONG BANDAO MONGOLIAN BORDERLANDS Northwest China HUANGTU GAOYUAN SHANDONG QUILING HUABEI PINGYUAN TIBETAN PLATEAU The Yangzi Gorges consist of a series of basins with fertile soils. NAN LING SICHUAN BASIN YUNNAN-GUIZHOU BANDAO TAIWAN

10. NORTHEAST CHINA DONGBEI PINGYUAN RUSSIA MANCHURIAN PLAINS MONGOLIA DA HINGGAN LING HAVE EXTENSIVE TRACTS OF PRODUCTIVE SOILS GOBI DESERT LIAODONG BANDAO N KOREA YELLOWSEA

11. BARREN SALT LAKES ROCKY HEADWATERS THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ( AVERAGE ELEVATION 4877 M ) MONGOLIAN BORDERLANDS NW CHINA PAMIR KUNLUN SHAN KARAKORUM HUANG HE YANGZE INDUS BRAHMAPUTRA S CHINA

12. MAJOR RIVERS • THE LONGEST RIVER SYSTEMS ARE YANGZI, HUANG HE AND XI JIANG. • ALL FLOW FROM WEST TO EAST, TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN. • THE MAJOR RIVER OF NORTH CHINA IS THE HUANG HE (“CHINA’S SORROW”) . • THE YANGZI RIVER OF CENTRAL CHINA IS THE LONGEST IN ASIA. IT ENTERS THE EAST CHINA SEA AT SHANGHAI. • THE MOST IMPORTANT RIVER SYSTEM OF SOUTHERN CHINA IS XI JIANG.

13. YANGZI RIVER HUANG HE RIVER XI JIANG RIVER

14. MOUNTAINS OF CHINA

15. MEAN PRESSURE AND WIND PATTERN JANUARY JULY

16. POLAR SIBERIAN POLARPACIFIC TROPICAL PACIFIC EQUATORIAL AIR MASSES OVER CHINA Dry and cold polar air mass by origin Dry and cold polar air mass by origin Warm and moisture laden by origin Warm and moisture laden by origin

17. SEASONS OF CHINA WINTER - DEC - FEB SPRING - MAR - MAY SUMMER - JUN - AUG AUTUMN - SEP – NOV "MAI-YU" - APR - JUNE "CRACHIN" - FEB - APR

18. DURATION OF THE SEASONS (MONTHS)

19. H SUMMER PRESSURE PATTERN 1010 1012 1006 1006 1004 1004 1002 1002 1012 L 1010 1002 1004 1008 1006

20. SUMMERS SEASON PRESSURE PATTERN • THE PRESSURE FIELD SHOWS A RELATIVELY WEEK PRESSURE GRADIENT. • THE MEAN PRESSURE AT SEA LEVEL, OVER THE CONTINENT, DROPS TO 1002 hPa IN THE CENTER OF THE LOW, WHILE IT RISES TO A MAXIMUM OF 1012 HPA OVER N-PACIFIC OCEAN.

21. UPPER WIND PATTERNSUMMER SEASON

22. JULY UPPER WINDS 850 hPa A C C C

23. JULY UPPER WINDS 500 hPa A A

24. JULY UPPER WINDS 200 hPa A A

25. SUMMERS : WINDS • AT LOWER LEVELS, INDIAN MONSOON TROUGH REPLACES THE WINTERTIME MONGOLIAN COLD HIGH. • IN THE MIDDLE TROPOSPHERE SPLITTING OF THE WESTERLIES BY THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND THE SOUTHERN BRANCH OF WESTERLIES VANISH, WHILE THE SUBTROPICAL HIGH MOVES NORTHWARD AND STRENGTHENS CONSIDERABLE.

26. SUMMERS : WINDS • IN THE UPPER TROPOSPHERE, THE TIBETAN ANTICYCLONE AND UPPER LEVEL EASTERLY JET STREAM PREVAIL AND WESTERLY JET STREAM GREATLY DECREASES.

27. ONSET OF SUMMER MONSOON SUMMER MONSOON THE NORTHWARD ADVANCE OF SUMMER MONSOON TAKES PLACE IN ALTERNATING PHASES OF QUICK AND SLOW DEVELOPMENT. 30 JULY THE RETREAT OF MONSOON IN CHINA IS A STRAIGHT FORWARD, RATHER QUICK PROCESS WHICH ONLY LASTS AROUND ONE MONTH (BY LATE OCT). 20 JULY 10 JULY 30 JUNE 20 JUNE 10 JUNE DURING THE LAST 10 DAYS OF MAY, THE MONSOON FRONT STAGNATES IN SOUTHERN CHINA. 01 JUNE 10 MAY 20 MAY

28. COMPONENTS OF SUMMER MONSOON • CROSS-EQUATORIAL FLOW. • ANTI-CYCLONE OVER AUSTRALIA. • ITCZ • TROPICAL EASTERLY JET • SUB-TROPICAL ANTICYCLONE OVER WEST PACIFIC. • MAI-YU FRONTAL ZONES. • MID-LATITUDE DISTURBANCES.

29. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SUMMER MONSOON • IN CASE OF A STRONG SUMMER MONSOON, ABOVE NORMAL RAINFALL IN NORTH & SOUTH CHINA. • ONSET AND ADVANCE OF SUMMER MONSOON HAS BEEN FOUND AS EVENTS OF A REMARKABLY GREAT VARIATION OVER TIME. • A LARGE INTRA MONSOONAL VARIATION OF RAINFALL ALSO REPRESENTS A CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF SUMMER MONSOON IN CHINA.

30. DISTRIBUTION OF MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES 50 40 MONGOLIA 30 20 TAIWAN INDIA HAINAN 100 110 120

31. MEAN TEMPERATURES: JULY

32. WINTERS

33. WINTER PRESSURE PATTERN 1020 H 1040 1035 1030 1026 1020 1026 1024 1022 1024 1022

34. WINTERS : PRESSURE • THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION IS DIVIDED IN TO AN INTENSELY DEVELOPED HIGH PRESSURE OVER MID-SIBERIA, MONGOLIA, AND AN ESTABLISHED LOW PRESSURE OVER THE NW-PACIFIC OCEAN. • THE CONTINENTAL HIGH PRESSURE IS ON BAIKAL SEA AND MONGOLIA, WHILE THE CENTRE OF NW- PACIFIC LOW PRESSURE LIES OVER THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS.

35. WINTERS : PRESSURE • SINCE BOTH PRESSURE SYSTEMS PRACTICALLY LIE IN THE SAME LATITUDE, A STEEP PRESSURE GRADIENT OCCURS WHICH PRODUCES STRONG AND PERSISTENT NE’LIES. THEY CARRY DRY CONTINENTAL AND COLD POLAR AIR MASSES OVER THE ENTIRE EAST ASIAN REGION. • THE MEAN VALUES OF SEA LEVEL PRESSURE IN JANUARY REACH A MAXIMUM OF 1040 HPA IN THE CENTRE OF THE ANTICYCLONE AND DECREASE TO 1020 HPA ONLY OVER SOUTHERN CHINA.

36. JANUARY UPPER WINDS 850 hPa A

37. JANUARY UPPER WINDS 500 hPa A

38. JANUARY UPPER WINDS 200 hPa

39. WINTERS : WINDS • THE CHARACTERISTICS FEATURE OF THE WINTER CLIMATE IS COLD, DRY AIR. • THE UPPER TROPOSPHERIC WESTERLIES EXPAND TO THE NORTHERN PART OF SOUTH CHINA SEA, THE SOUTHERN BRANCH, SOUTH OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU, INTENSIFIES.

40. POLAR SIBERIAN POLARPACIFIC WINTER AIR MASSES

41. ONSET OF WINTER MONSOON 30 AUG 10 SEP 20 SEP 30 SEP 10 OCT

42. MEAN TEMPERATURES: JANUARY

43. MEAN TEMPERATURES : JANUARY 50 40 MONGOLIA 30 MEAN TEMPERATURE OVER TIBET -2.3OC 20 TAIWAN INDIA HAINAN 100 110 120

44. SPRING SEASON • MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRING WEATHER ARE: • RAINFALL GRADUALLY INCREASES. • WEATHER IS VARIABLE AND MOST WEATHER SYSTEMS ARE MIGRATORY. • FREQUENT EXTRA TROPICAL CYCLONES OCCUR OVER NE CHINA.

45. AUTUMN • OVER PARTS OF CHINA, A PERIOD OF FINE AND COMFORTABLE WEATHER OCCURS EVERY AUTUMN. CRISP AIR, BRIGHT SUNSHINE AND GENTLE BREEZES PREVAILS. • ON CERTAIN OCCASIONS, HIGH TEMPERATURES PERSIST IN SEP; THIS HOT AND UNCOMFORTABLE WEATHER IS KNOWN AS TIGER WEATHER. DURING AUTUMN, OCCASIONALLY PROLONGED RAINS ARE SEEN OVER LOWER YANGTZE RIVER, UNDER INFLUENCE OF FREQUENT TYPHOONS, AND TROPICAL DEPRESSIONS.

46. DISTURBANCES

47. TYPHOONS • FROM CHINESE WORD ‘TEI FUNG’, MEANS ‘BIG WIND’. • INTENSE TROPICAL STORMS, ORIGINATE IN NW PACIFIC, MAXIMUM 4-6 PER MONTH, DURING JULY TO OCTOBER. • PRACTICALLY NIL TYPHOONS FORM BETWEEN DECEMBER TO APRIL. • ASSOCIATED WITH STRONG WINDS AND HEAVY RAINFALL IN SOUTH,EAST AND NORTH CHINA. ACCOUNTS FOR > 50% OF ANNUAL RAINFALL IN THE COASTAL REGIONS. • DO NOT PERSIST MORE THAN 500 KM INLAND FROM THE COAST.

48. TYPHOON STATISTICS

49. TYPHOON STATISTICS ON AVERAGE 8-10 TYPHOONS IN A YEAR WITH MAX PROBABILITY IN JULY

50. EXTRA TROPICAL CYCLONES AND ANTICYCLONES • THE EXTRA TROPICAL CYCLONES MOVE IN THE WESTERLY REGIME ACROSS CHINA. • MAXIMUM INTENSITY IN JUNE. • PATHS COVER UP TO CENTRAL CHINA IN WINTERS. • THE EXTRA TROPICAL ANTICYCLONES ORIGINATE IN SIBERIA AND MONGOLIA DURING WINTERS. (CRACHIN) • GENERAL DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT E-SE WARDS.