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Climatology

Climatology. Tropical forest. Desert. Montana. Energy (Temperature). Boreal forest. Tundra. Water. Climate vs. Weather. Climate characteristic patterns, means, and extremes of weather (usually a 30-year period is chosen) Weather local short-term atmospheric conditions Microclimate

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Climatology

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  1. Climatology

  2. Tropical forest Desert Montana Energy (Temperature) Boreal forest Tundra Water

  3. Climate vs. Weather • Climate • characteristic patterns, means, and extremes of weather (usually a 30-year period is chosen) • Weather • local short-term atmospheric conditions • Microclimate • local variation in climate

  4. Missoula, MTLat/Lon 46.92,-114.08 Elevation 3,220 FeetTemperate Coniferous Forest Precipitation Period of Relative Drought Precipitation Temperature Temperature

  5. Jackson, MSLat/Lon 32.32, -90.08 Elevation 283 FeetSubtropical Pine Forest Precipitation Precipitation Temperature Temperature

  6. Flagstaff, AZLat/Lon 35.13, -111.67 Elevation 6,894 FeetDry Mixed Conifer Forest Precipitation Precipitation Period of Relative Drought Temperature Temperature

  7. Kit Carson, COLat/Lon 38.45, -102.47 Elevation 4,285 Feet Temperate Grassland Precipitation Period of Relative Drought Temperature Precipitation Temperature

  8. Lansing, MILat/Lon 42.77, -84.60 Elevation 828 FeetTemperate Mixed Forest Precipitation Precipitation Temperature Temperature

  9. Radiation & Temperature

  10. Insolation: Solar Radiation Striking the Earth’s Surface I = insolation S ~ 1000 W m-2 (clear day solar insolation on a surface perpendicular to incoming solar radiation. This value actually varies greatly due to atmospheric variables.) Z = Zenith Angle (the angle from the zenith (point directly overhead) to the Sun’s position in the sky) The zenith angle is dependent upon latitude, solar declination angle, and time of day. I = S cos(Z)

  11. Insolation: Zenith Angle Z = cos-1 {sin(Latitude) * sin(Solar Decl.) + cos (Latitude) * cos(Solar Decl.) * cos H} Latitude = latitude at site of interest (Missoula ~46°) Solar Decl. = solar declination; the latitude on the earth where the sun is directly overhead at solar noon. At Vernal Equinox (Mar. 21/22) = 0° At Summer Solstice (Jun. 21/22) = +23.5° At Autumnal Equinox (Sept. 21/22) = 0° At Winter Solstice (Dec. 21/22) = -23.5° H = hour angle = 15° x (Time – 12) This is the angle of radiation due to the time of day Time is given in solar time as the hour of day from midnight.

  12. Light is most concentrated from an overhead source Light hitting at an angle is less concentrated

  13. Daylength

  14. Electro-magnetic Spectrum

  15. Important Radiation Laws & Concepts Stefan-Boltzmann Law E =   T4

  16. Solar radiation Earth radiation

  17. Radiation Radiation Conduction Convection

  18. Important Radiation Laws & Concepts Wien’s Law m (m) = 2897 / T m  wavelength of maximum intensity; the higher the temperature, the shorter the wavelength & the more intense the light

  19. m (m) = 2897 / T

  20. Important Radiation Laws & Concepts Net radiation for a tree Rn = incoming – outgoing Rn = (1- )Is + ELT4(surface) - T4(sky)  is albedo, which is the reflectivity of a surface fresh snow has a high albedo (0.9) dark forest has a low albedo (0.05 – 0.15) light colored soils are in between (0.4 – 0.5) mean albedo for earth  0.36

  21. Thermal Radiation From Atmosphere Reflected Sunlight Transfer by Reradiation Direct Sunlight Transpirational Transfer Scattered Sunlight wind Convective Transfer Thermal Radiation Reflected Radiation

  22. Important Radiation Laws & Concepts Surface Energy Balance Rn – G = H + E Bowen Ratio  = H / E

  23. Bowen Ratio  = H / E  = 10 / 1 = 10  = 10 / 100 = 0.1

  24. -1.8°C -3.7°C 150 m +2.3°C -1.1°C -12.4°C -15.6°C -28.8°C Gstettneralm Sinkhole, Austria Elevation = 1270 m 21 January 1930 Coldest temperature = -52.6 °C (-63 °F) Photo: Bernhard Pospichal, November 2001

  25. Heat Distribution (Global Atmospheric Circulation)

  26. Heat Distribution (Global Atmospheric Circulation)

  27. The Coriolis Force • Play Coriolis Force Movie • Legend: • Blue = Inertial Path • Red = Path on rotating turntable • Gray = Path on stationary turntable

  28. Heat Distribution (Global Atmospheric Circulation)

  29. Clouds

  30. Convective Cloud Formation

  31. OrographicCloudFormation

  32. FrontalCloudFormation

  33. 80 cal/gram absorbed 540 cal/gram absorbed 80 cal/gram released 540 cal/gram released

  34. Adiabatic Lapse Rates Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate: 10°C/1000 m 5.5°F/1000 ft Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate: 6.5°C/1000 m 3.6°F/1000 ft 15°C Lifting Condensation Level (Saturation Level) 20°C “Normal” Environmental Lapse Rate: 6.5°C/1000 m 3.3°F/1000 ft 30°C

  35. Vapor Pressure

  36. Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD)

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