Global Nationalism

1. Global Nationalism Nationalism: a feeling of strong devotion to one’s country. Usually people who share a common language and heritage( history) or even geography. The belief that your nation can do no wrong ( even if it mean going to war or imperializing)

2. Nationalism

3. French Revolution • The French Revolution inspired a strong sense of national unity in France • This helped to spread the ideas of the French Revolution • The excerpt in document 1 by the radical department of public safety attempts to unify all French into a nationalist zeal to come together (levee en masse ) to join together man and women, army and civilians for the idea of popular sovereignty. • Document 2 provides a national identity through an anthem designed to unite and form a common bond ad identity (think of the U.S national anthem and how many others can you name) look at words like fatherland, bled shed for the cause and the role of the nation coming before the individual. These ideas strike the nationalistic goals.

4. Napoleon • Napoleon also inspired nationalism among the nations that he conquered • However these nationalistic feelings inspired conquered peoples to rise up against Napoleon and his French army ( “when France sneezes, the rest of Europe gets a cold” was uttered by Prince Klemens Von Metternich of Austria (document #13) in fear of growing sentiment of the need to become a nation-state throughout Europe). The Congress of Vienna would be a meeting by European monarchs to attempt to end this by creating a legitimacy of the monarchs and a balance of power. Later, these alliances would create one of the causes of WWI.

5. Nationalism Across Europe • After the French Revolution, nationalism led to upheavals in Europe and elsewhere • These movements for change/revolutions took place in: Greece, Poland, Belgium, Austria, Italy and Germany

6. Revolutions in Europe

7. Nationalism in Greece • In 1821 Greece revolted against the Ottoman Empire Greece received support from Britain, France and Russia because of their Christian background • By 1830 Greece was independent ( also independent was Bulgaria, Serbia and Romania) all because they shared a similar culture to Europe rather than the Middle East (also had the desire to gain sovereignty)

8. Nationalism in Poland Nationalists in Poland revolted in 1830 against Russia However Poland did not receive much support and their revolution was crushed by Russian troops why? Document #11 Tsar Nicholas I of Russia is speaking of Poland’s rebellion having been part of Russia for hundreds of years is justifying military intervention in putting down this rebellion referring to the nationalists as “agitators”. The purpose is to let the people of Russia ( and Poland) to know that tranquility has been restored.

9. Nationalism in Latin America • In Latin America revolutions helped colonies shed Spanish and French control • Feelings of nationalism helped these countries rise up against their mother country • These colonies became independent nations. Nationalism also got in the way of Simon Bolivar’s Gran Colombia (instead dividing into Columbia, Ecuador and Peru)

10. The Unification of Italy • Since the fall of the Roman Empire Italy had been divided into many small states • Many Italians wished to see Italy united again (In document 3 Cavour the brains identifies a common enemy which was the foreign rule of Austria-Hungary to unite the people of Italian city-states and their common language, history and identity)

11. Nationalism in Italy • Cavour (shown here) was the "brain" in his role as a skilled diplomat.  • Cavour successfully received aid from France in a war against the Austrians and eventually put Victor Emmanuel II on the throne of a completely united Italian nation-state in 1861. ( document 7 illustrates the democratic reforms Emmanuel will provide providing order and peace as a manner to justify and legitimize the independence of Italy which (like most nationalists endeavors) comes with a fight

12. Giuseppe Garibaldi • Garibaldi was considered to be the "sword" of Italian nationalism.  • His band of Red Shirts conquered forces opposed to unification and forced southern Italy into a cohesive political unit. In document #4 Garibaldi is encouraging Italians to fight against a common enemy (why do so many flags have the color red in them?) and even pressuring them to fight if they love their country (what about those that don’t?)

13. A United Italy • By 1870, Italy was a united country again • The country faced many problems: • 1.) The urban north quarreled with the rural south • 2.) The Catholic Church argued with the government • Document #10, Mazzini is arguing to stop the oppression of the monarchs of Europe and redraw the map based on common language, history and national identity to help politically unify Italy and is sometimes referred to as the architect of Italy.

14. German Unification • In the early 1800s, most German people lived in small states, not a united country • During Napoleon’s conquests, feelings of nationalism were increased • Many people wished to see a united Germany • In documents 5 and 6 Otto Von Bismarck remarks about a common foe in Austria and how blood (war) and Iron (industrialization) are the ways to unite a fragmented German (Prussia along with Bavaria, Bohemia and others were once part of the Holy Roman Empire and were united by a common goal, heritage and language (German)

15. German Unification • Prussia was the most powerful of the German states • IN 1862, Otto von Bismarck was appointed chancellor of Prussia

16. Germany Before Unification

17. “Blood and Iron” • Bismarck believed that the only way to unify Germany was through a policy known as “blood and iron” • He had no faith in speeches and diplomacy • Only war

18. German Unification • In seven years, Bismarck led Prussia into three wars • Each war increased Prussia’s prestige and moved the German states closer to unification • Danish War: versus Denmark • Austro-Prussian War: versus Austria • Franco-Prussian War: versus France

19. Germany United • IN 1871, the German states united under the Prussian king, William I • He called himself the Kaiser • Kaiser comes from Caesar and means emperor • Document 9 provides a stronger nationalistic view of the “German tribes” taking on an extremely ethnocentric tone suggesting the Germans not degrade themselves by mingling with others and serves to unify by identifying a “Archetype” of what a German is. Suggesting Germans remain true to themselves (providing a strong pride in nation)

20. Zionism • As nationalism grew in Europe it led to an increase in anti-Semitism • As people became more patriotic about their country, they also became more intolerant of those whom they saw as outsiders, including Jews Document 8 Theodore Hertzl has identified the role of the Jews in building modern Europe but identifies their historical marginalization and the need for an independent homeland (Israel) His suggestion is a slow and deliberate migration to Palestine to create a sovereign Jewish state.

21. Zionism • As anti-Semitism grew, many Jews fled to Palestine, the ancient Jewish homeland in the Middle East • There they built homes and organized communities

22. Nationalism in the Balkans • Nationalism was a source of conflict in the Balkan peninsula of southeastern Europe • There were many ethnic groups that were controlled by the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary

23. Nationalism in the Balkans

24. Nationalism in the Balkans • The Ottoman Empire became known as the “sick man of Europe” because of the land that was lost • The empire slowly lost more and more territory

25. Nationalism: Reaction to Imperialism • Chinese Nationalist revolution: Led by Dr. SunYat Sen against Qing Dynasty • Mahdi Movement- Sudanese Islamist against British • Pan Arab movement against Ottoman Rule • Pan Slav Movement against Ottoman Rule • Philippine Nationalist led by Emilio Aguinaldo against American forces • Indian Nationalist Movement against British Raj-establish Indian National Congress and self-rule movement • Japanese Nationalism under Mejii restoration • Russian Nationalism and Tsarist “Russification” process

28. 19th Century Nationalism: Unifying or Divisive • Causes: common culture, need to gain freedom, identification of a common history, enlightened ideals (when France sneezes the rest of Europe gets a cold thank Napoleon), common enemy(Empire) • Patterns of nationalist acquisition: wars, alliances( help from other like-minded powers), anthems, flags, red-shirts, phrases like :Blood and Iron”, tap into historical legitimacy (biblical Zion), dreams of an ideal (Gran Colombia, constitution, rights), flags and martyrization of founders • Effects- Unity or divisions, bloodshed and wars of independence, independence, constitutions, solidified alliances or deeper seeded enemies, incomplete freedom (colonies), increased nationalism, brinksmanship ( pushing alliances to the brink of war (WWI) • Case Studies- United States, France, Haiti, Latin America, Mexico, Greece, Poland, Bulgaria, Italy, Germany, India, Philippines, Zionism(Jewish homeland), Albania, Serbia, Romania, Hungary, China, Pan Arab, Pan Slav, Japan, Russia, African colonies • Evidence: Leaders Bourgeoisie, Creoles, Mazzini, Cavour, Garibaldi, Bismarck, Herzl, Sun Yat Sen. Mahdi movement, Emilio Aguinaldo . Mejii Emperor, Zapata, • Wars: Independence wars, Crimean, Franco-Prussian, Sino-Japanese, Zulu wars, Russo-Japanese Wars, Spanish-American Wars, Sepoy Mutiny, Boxer Rebellion • By 1900: Ottoman and Austria-Hungary fragmented. British and French , Russian, USA, strengthened • New Nation-states- Greece, Italy, Germany, Albania, Bulgaria, Bolivia, Venezuela, etc. • Incomplete independence- Ireland, Serbia, Poland, African colonies, India, SE Asia ( Vietnam), Cuba, Philippines, China(still Qing),

29. Theses • Nationalism served as a unifying factor in Latin America under the enlightened ideals and the proposition of throwing off the tyranny of Spanish mercantilism, in Italy under the leadership of Cavour, Mazzini and Garibaldi and identifying a common history and heritage and in Germany under the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck unifying under the idea of blood (war) and iron (industrialism. • In the 19th century nationalism served to unify the French under the ideals of liberty, fraternity and equality, in the United States with the notion that taxation without representation was wrong and unify the oppressed Jewish community in Europe whose Zionist ideals under Theodore Herzl would see an independent Israel in 1948. • 19th century nationalism served to unify the Greeks in 1830 with the help of Christian powers (British and French), India where reforms under Ram Rahn Roy and nationalist leaders would create the Indian National Congress exacting Self-rule and independence in 1947, and nationalist rulers like Sun Yat Sen who led a rebellion against the Qing Government and became independent in 1911 • IN the 19th century the fight for Italian Independence led to the fragmentation of the Austrian-Hungarian empire, Bulgarian independence led to the fragmentation of the Ottoman “sick man of Europe” Empire, and the failure of Simon Bolivar’s “Gran Colombia” fragmenting into nation states like Venezuela, Peru and Columbia. • The 19th century nationalism divided the British empire with American independence, revolutions throughout Europe in 1848 led to war and bloodshed and Poland's attempt to divide themselves from Russia failed after a violent attempt. • In the 19th century Czechs, Romanians and Serbians fought to divide themselves from the Austria-Hungarian Empires due to a common Pan Slavic culture, Ireland would continue the fight against Great Britain only to suffer the consequences of the Potato famine and Sudanese revolutionaries in the Mahdi movement would fight unsuccessfully against British occupation in Africa