Imagine you woke up one morning and you had no memory (at all!). What things would be affected?

1. Imagine you woke up one morning and you had no memory (at all!). What things would be affected? Read the article “The death of yesterday” and watch the video clip about Clive Wearing..how was his memory affected? Models of Memory 1

2. Models of Memory 1- the Multi Store Model • Objectives • To outline the Multi Store Model of Memory • To evaluate the Multi Store Model • Explain what case studies are and how to apply them to the MSM (AO3) • To outline the strengths and weakness of case studies (AO3)

3. Model? Is this an accurate representation of London? What is a Model? Can memory be represented in this way?

4. What is a psychological Model? • A representation of the thing being described- not an exact explanation of it • An analogy • Based on evidence • There are two models of memory you need to know • 1. Multi Store Model (MSM) • 2. Working Memory Model (WMM)

5. MSM Can you create the model?? Using the cards in front of you, try and put the model together. Think about what we know already about memory! Be prepared to explain your decisions.

6. The Multi-Store Model (MSM) Atkinson and Shiffrin

7. Key points about MSM

8. How can we avoid losing memories in STM • To keep things in STM and lengthen duration we tend to REHEARSE it. • This keeps memories active and therefore easier to recall. • Atkinson and Shiffrin called this MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL

9. Memory Stores • To outline the Multi Store Model of Memory

10. MSM What do you think is the role of the Sensory store? The sensory store is composed of several stores – eyes, ears, nose, fingers, etc and corresponding areas of the brain. These stores constantly receive information but most of this receives no attention and remains there for a brief time. If attention is focused on this information, then it will be transferred to the next store… STM.

11. Short-term sensory store (STSS) • Info enters through each of the senses, which have their own STSS. (Modality specific- separate store for each sense) • Vision – ICONIC • Sound – ECHOIC – acoustically represented • To outline the Multi Store Model of Memory

12. Memory Stores

13. Task: Annotate the Model Annotate the diagram of the MSM to help you understand how it works and explains memory. Extension: Summarise the model in no more than150 words

14. Sample Exam Ques 1) Jamie wanted to contact his doctor. He looked up the number in his telephone directory. Before he dialled the number, he had a short conversation with his friend. Jamie was about to phone his doctor, but he had forgotten the number. Use your knowledge of the multi-store model to explain why Jamie would not remember the doctor’s number. (4 marks) 2) The multi-store model of memory proposes that there are separate short-term and long-term stores. Explain two differences between short-term memory and long-term memory in this model. (4 marks)

15. What evidence is there for separate memory stores? • Many experiments have been carried out to test the existence of separate stores (All the studies from last week) • Case studies • Brain imaging studies e.g. MRI scans

16. Experimental Evidence (The studies from last week)

17. Brain Imaging as positive evidence for MSM • STM and LTM are linked to specific areas of the brain • PET and fMRI take images of the active brain

18. Beardsley (1997)Prefontal Cortex • Prefontal cortexactive when working on a task in STM. Prefontal cortex Part of brain where thoughts and actions are orchestrated – Executive Function

19. Squire et al. (1992) –Hippocampus • Hippocampusis active when LTM is engaged. Plays a part in memory and spatial navigation

20. Case Studies • HM • Clive W • KF Each of these is a case study of a person who had something wrong with their memory. Find out what happened to each of them and what the effects on their STM or LTM was. Link to research Methods: +/- case studies.

21. Case Studies • These involve study of an individual, small group, institution or an event.  A case study can involve a whole host of techniques including observations, questionnaires, surveys, interviews, testing and even on occasion experiments.  • Good • Bad

22. HM •  lost LTM •  STM remains intact.  • HM’s semantic memory is still intact and he can learn and improve new skills.  •  unable to form new episodic memories.  •  he did retain some episodic memories of his earlier life, up to two years prior to the surgery.   • HM case study (Milner, 1966). Digit Span was fine but could not lay down new LTMs (must be separate stores?)

23. KF •  retained a near normal LTM.  •  KF could still recall visual information using his STM • but struggled with auditory and verbal information, making conversation difficult. 

24. Cive Wearing •  lost LTM •  STM remains intact.  •  Clive Wearing has no recollection of any event in his life.  His wife Deborah explains that he knows that he has a wife but doesn’t remember getting married.  His memory for faces, other than his own and his wife’s is minimal.  His episodic memory (for episodes in his life) has been damaged beyond repair.  •  can still walk, talk, read, play the piano, conduct; he can still use a knife and fork and a telephone.  His LTM for skills and his understanding of how the World works is intact. 

25. MSM – Evaluation (Negative) • One STM & one LTM? Maybe not..

26. MSM – Evaluation (Negative) • Is Rehearsal important? Maybe not.. • Flashbulb Memories (Brown & Kullik, 1977) are ‘snapshots’ of key personal events which seem to go straight into LTM without the need for rehearsal or

27. Theories of Memory: Multi-store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) A022 Supporting  and Challenging  Studies/evidence

28. Homework Essay question Outline and evaluate Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Multi-store model of memory. (12 marks) AO1-Outline, explain what MSM is the different stores etc AO2-Evaluate, positives and negatives of the model use studies etc! Revise for assessment Thursday!

29. Models of Memory 1- the Multi Store Model • Objectives • To outline the Multi Store Model of Memory • To evaluate the Multi Store Model • Explain what case studies are and how to apply them to the MSM (AO3) • To outline the strengths and weakness of case studies (AO3)