Biochemistry and Macromolecules: Class Topics, Assignments, and Test Review

1. Hand in W.S. Chapter 2 Science Skills before the bell rings Preview for test “It does not matter how slowly you go, so long as you do not stop.” Confucius To continue learning about the biochemistry and macromolecules. Title: Biology 9/27/06 Class Topics Objectives: Saturday, January 4, 20208:12 PM

2. Class Assignments What By When • W.S. Carbon Compounds 9/26/06 • W.S. 2.4 (DR/Quiz/DL) 9/26/06 • W.S. Chapter 2 Science Skills 9/28/06 • Chapter 2 Test 10/2/06 • Due this class period • Due next class period • Due in the future

3. Grade Sheet

4. 2A Grade Sheet

5. 4A Grade Sheet

6. Chapter 2 Test Review • Water and Polar Molecules • Partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side • Different parts have different charges • Nonpolar molecules • No positive nor negative poles • Ex. lipids • Water & oil • Don’t mix

7. Chapter 2 Test Review • Organic compounds • Carbon and hydrogen • Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

8. Chapter 2 Test Review • Carbohydrates • Monomer – monosaccharides • Ex. Polysaccharides, sucrose • Identify a picture of glucose • Animal starch = glycogen • Storage of glucose • Lactose + Water glucose + galactose • Label – Dehydration synthesis (sucrose)

9. Chapter 2 Test Review • Lipids • Ex. Saturated fats, unsaturated fats, earwax • Monomer • Glycerol/fatty acids • Picture • Fatty acid chain • Liquid fats • Unsaturated fatty acids

10. Chapter 2 Test Review • Proteins • Monomer • Amino acid • Long chains of amino acids • Polypeptides • Drawing • Parts of an amino acid: carboxyl, amine, alpha carbon, R group • Peptide bond • Between the carbon of the carboxyl and the nitrogen of the amine • Peptide bond between Alanine and Valine

11. Chapter 2 Test Review • Proteins (cont.) • Shape of protein • Type and sequence of amino acids • Enzymes • Chemical reactions not fast enough to sustain life • Decreases the amount of activation energy • Amylase – starch to glucose • Pepsin – best pH 1.5-2.0 • Optimal temperature 35-39°C • How does an enzyme work?

12. Chapter 2 Test Review • Nucleic Acids • Monomer • Nucleotide • Parts of a nucleotide • Long chains of nucleotides are nucleic acids • DNA • Stores hereditary information to make proteins • Held together by hydrogen bonds • Types • RNA, DNA

13. Chapter 2 Test Review • Chemical Reactions • Activation energy • Energy needed to start a chemical reaction • Reactants/products • Compare Reaction 2 and Reaction 3 • Why is reaction 3 the lowest on the graph

14. Chapter 2 Test Review • Chemical Reactions • Glucose + glucose maltose + water • What would be found at each point? • Why is 2 higher than 1 • How would it look with an enzyme?

15. Chapter 2 Test Review • Enzymes • Substrate • Molecule upon which enzyme acts • Key • Label • Active Site • Portion of enzyme where substrate can fit • Lock • Label

16. Chapter 2 Test Review • Enzymes (cont.) • Graph activity of an enzyme • Inactive from 0-20˚C • Active above 20˚C w/rate increasing steadily to 40˚C, at which the rate is very high • Above 40˚C rate decreases rapidly until temperature reaches 50˚C • Above 50˚C - inactive

17. Chapter 2 Test Review • Essay • What macromolecules have an effect on homeostasis in humans? • Data • Carbohydrates • Energy source - Glucose • Bowel movements - Cellulose • Energy storage - Glycogen (liver and muscles) • Lipids • Protection – earwax • Energy storage – fats • Insulation - fats

18. Chapter 2 Test Review • Essay • What macromolecules have an effect on homeostasis in humans? • Proteins • Digestion of foods – enzymes – amylase, pepsin • Storage of glucose – hormone – insulin • Release of glucose – hormone - glucagon • Forming blood cells – hormone – erythropoeitin • Gaining strength – structure – muscles, ligaments • Creating heat – structure - muscles • Nucleic Acids • Direct protein production – DNA, RNA