Chapter 17: Asia in Transition

1. Chapter 17: Asia in Transition

2. Ming Foreign Policy • Chinese were the most • Skilled sailors in the world. • Build large sturdy ships called • Junks: Some were more than 400 feet long. • Ming emperor financed • A fleet that sailed across Indian Ocean • Fleet reached the Arabian Peninsula • Chinese had ability to become a great seafaring power. • Ming emperors had little interest in • Sea power or foreign trade • Stopped financing expeditions.

3. Attitudes toward Trade • After defeating Mongols, Ming emperors tried • To rid China of all Mongol influences. • Wanted China to be as great as they were during the • Han, Tang, and Sung dynasties. • Ming emperors • Restore Confucianism as official philosophy of the government. • Divides society into four classes.

4. Four Classes under Confucianism • Scholar-Gentry • Highly literate class helped staff royal bureaucracy. • Farmers • Produce food and paid taxes that supported empire • Artisans • Made beautiful useful objects. • Merchants • Bottom of social order • Sold objects that peasants and artisans produced. • In the minds of the emperor, foreign trade: • Did not bring enough benefits to China to make it worthwhile.

5. Northern Frontier • Focused their efforts on the • Long northern land frontier • To protect frontier, Ming strengthened • The Great Wall of China • Encouraged soldiers to move to frontier zone by offering • Free land to families • Also encouraged peasants and city dwellers to move there. • Prevent Nomadic tribes from uniting from the North. • Required constant • Attention • Great deal of money

6. Founding the Qing Dynasty • Located in: • Manchuria to northeast of China. • Chieftain named: • Nurhachiunifies many tribes into single people called Manchu • Nurhachi son captured eastern Mongolia and Korea • Declared beginning of the Qing Dynasty. • Captured • Beijing and ruled China until 1912. • Outsiders capture China again even with Ming efforts. • Emperors were not • Chinese • Adopted Chinese culture and ruled with traditional techniques. • Husan-Yeh: Qing ruler emperor that adopted techniuqes. • Chinese men wore hair tied in • Queue (tail) • Symbolized submission to Manchu rule.

7. Economy • Lower Yangtze region became a center for • Weaving of cotton cloth. • Transported goods along • Canals, coastal waterways, and rivers. • Sent goods to Central Asia and Russia such as • Tea and silk by caravan • Chinese cities continued to grow. • Relied on merchants to supply • Clothing, food, and other goods to city dwellers. • Farmers grew rice, wheat, and tea but planted new crops: • Peanuts, sweet potatoes (poor man’s food), tobacco (introduced by America).

8. Popular Culture and Society • Wealth of urban people led to popular culture • City people read • Novels and plays in common everyday language. • Old tales about bandits and corrupt officials in novels. • Portrayed Chinese society and family life. • Scholars had studied ancient writings: • Phiology: the history of literature and language. • Scholars began to organize a manuscript library. • Society was based solely on the famly. • Each person had a role in life. • Ex: Father/head of house. Daughter married/lived with new family.

9. Decline of Qing Dynasty • Growing population placed increasing pressure in government: • Corruption at court and government became widespread. • Demanded bribes in return for government services. • Farmers found it difficult to support: • Their families and themselves. • Disastrous floods and famine in parts of China • Led to peasant rebellion • Leading the rebellion was a White Lotus Society called • White Lotus Rebellion • Qing Dynasty survived rebellion, but clearly declined.

10. China and Europeans

11. The Portuguese • Able to build trade ties with China. • Allowed Portuguese to establish trading station in: • Macao • Arrived on Portuguese ships • Jesuit missionaries: used knowledge of astronomy to gain admission. Emperor liked the help of fixing Chinese calendar. • Appointed missionaries in official positions. • Allowed missionaries to convert officials to Christianity. • Jesuit power aroused: • Jealousy and concern among Chinese leaders. • Qing rulers became suspicious and turned against them. • Emperors denounced Christianity as anti-Confucian.

12. The British • Established a trading post in: • Guangzhou • Came to China to buy • Silk and tea (became the land of tea drinkers). • British East India Company • Monopolized the new trade in Chinese teas. • Company agreed to Chinese restrictions. • Could only dock at Guangzhou • Company representatives were required to stay in Guangzhou outside city walls. • New Ideas about trade and sale of opium damaged trade relations.

13. Free Trade Ideas • Supporters of free trade argued that government: • Should not restrict or interfere with international trade. • Traders who did not work for British East India Company resented: • Company’s monopoly on the tea trade. • British government becomes involved in debate because: • Hoped to gain additional overseas markets. • British officials ask Chinese • to open more ports for their ships. • Efforts failed and led to British East India Company’s abolishment.

14. Opium Trade • Expansion of tea trade • British East India Company paid for: • Purchases with cotton from India. • Chinese demand for cotton=same • British demand for tea=kept rising • Company found a drug to exchange for tea called • Opium • Problem? • Opium addictions spread throughout China • Huge trade imbalance grew, with more silver going out than coming in. • Demanded opium trade stop • All opium cargo be turned over to them.

15. Opium War • When Chinese tried to stop trade: • War broke out • Conflict between China and Britain known as the: • Opium War • Chinese army and navies no match compared to Britain. • Qing officials agree to negotiate with British officials. • Treaty of Nanjing • China gave island of Hong Kong to British. • Opened five ports to British trade (Fixed low tariff). • Subjects in ports governed by British laws and courts. • Extraterritoriality • Foreigners must follow laws of their home country instead of laws of country they live in.

16. MoreConcessions • Unequal treaties • Chinese signed treaties under the pressure of defeat and fear of further invasion. • Benefits went to foreign powers. • Gained little from them. • Another war, Another British win, another unequal treaty. • Opened additional portsalong Yangtze River • Chinese had to allow British Embassy in Beijing. • Chinese govt. had to protect Christian missionaries and their converts in China. • Other countries also opened embassies in Beijing.

17. Rebellions • Hong Xiuquan • Influenced by Christian teachings • Said he was younger brother of Jesus • Influenced a new dynasty and attracted many followers. • Taiping Rebellion • Millions of people were killed • Cities and farmlands destroyed • All revolts weakened the Qing Dynasty.

18. Tokugawa Shoguns in Japan

19. Founding the Tokugawa Shogunate • Ashikaga family became involved in dispute over selection of shogun. • Leads to 100 years of bitter, widespread, and almost constant warfare in Japan. Oda Nobunaga • Rise to power as: • Minor Daimyo • Through conquests and alliances • Captured city of Kyoto. • Strengthened his power in Central Japan. • Before defeating his rivals, vassals attacked him

20. ToyotomiHideyoshi • Successor of Nobunaga • Established capital at • Edo, which is now the city of Tokyo • Crushed his defeated rivals • Allowed some 250-260 to: • Keep their private lands. • He was prepared to expand or reduce the size of their territories. • The Tokugawa family would keep the title of shogun for: • More than 250 years. • Established a government • Tokugawa shogunate

21. Tokugawa Rule • Political system was a cross between • Feudalism and a central monarchy • Daimyo governed as an: • Almost absolute ruler • Local peasants paid taxes to support daimyo and supporters: • Such as the samurai • Military Power: considerable influence over the daimyo. • Daimyo had to spend every other year in Edo leaving: • Their families as hostages • Led to having two residents • One in Edo and one in the provinces. • Living in Edo drained • Financial resources • Made warriors into courtiers.

22. Foreign Contact The Portuguese in Japan • Brought two items new to Japan: • Muskets and Christianity • Some samurai did not approve of musket because: • Violated traditional fighting ethic (Skill). • Jesuits: • Concentrated on converting the Daimyo to Christianity. • Missionaries converted 300,000 Japanese to Christianity. Closing the Century • Shoguns saw Christianity as a threat • Taught loyalty to power other than Tokugawa • Made Portuguese missionaries to leave country • Dutch traders accepted trade relationship with Tokugawa. • Togugawa banned overseas trade. • Prohibited from traveling abroad.

23. Social Class • Warrior class filled the same role as scholar-gentry in China. • Samurai stood at the top of Japanese social order. • Person’s social class was determined by: • Birth/son followed occupations of fathers. • Samurai stood at top of social order • Peasants, artisans, and merchants followed • Shoguns established schools to prepare: • Samurai for peacetime roles • Low ranking samurai-low rank official • High ranking samurai-high rank official Change in Culture • Internal trade expanded • Specialization in certain crops in certain parts of country • Cities grew in size

24. End of Japan’s Isolation • President Fillmore sent Commodore • Matthew Perry and powerful navy force to Japan. • Perry was to negotiate treaty that would: • Guarantee safety of U.S. sailors and open Japanese ports to US trade. • Shogun agreed to negotiate when Perry returned the next year. • Treaty of Kanagawa • Open two ports that led Americans to obtain: • Fuel, shelter, and supplies • Led to trade among the two nations. • Within two years, Japan signed similar treaties with: • Great Britain, Netherlands, and Russia. • Consulates were established • Diplomatic offices headed by consuls. • US and Japan signed new treaty • Exchange ministers • Allowed foreign residence in Edo and Osaka