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So close to the city, so far from the pipes Service provision governance in the peri-urban interface of metropolitan ar

GovAgua Seminar PSIRU, University of Greenwich London, 18 September 2006. So close to the city, so far from the pipes Service provision governance in the peri-urban interface of metropolitan areas Adriana Allen and Pascale Hofmann Development Planning Unit University College London.

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So close to the city, so far from the pipes Service provision governance in the peri-urban interface of metropolitan ar

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  1. GovAgua Seminar PSIRU, University of Greenwich London, 18 September 2006 So close to the city, so far from the pipes Service provision governance in the peri-urban interface of metropolitan areas Adriana Allen and Pascale Hofmann Development Planning Unit University College London

  2. Why to be concerned? Living between two worlds • A large percentage of the future population growth in developing countries will occur in the localised spaces where the urban meets the rural as cities and their impacts spread into outlying areas. …and yet • Current national and international initiatives and commitments to improve access to water and sanitation in the developing world tend to neglect the peri-urban context Beyond the rural-urban dichotomy • The traditional distinction between urban and rural areas is becoming increasingly blurred and insufficient to capture the reality of a large number of dwellers that live between those areas

  3. Impact Dissemination Comparative Research and initiatives Action research / applications Working papers Street plays and video Posters / website Leaflets and booklets 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 EPM of the PUI (EngKar/DFID) Hubli Dharwad, India Manizales, Colombia Kumasi,Ghana (International programmes and projects) Consolidation of Knowledge India / Ghana(NRSP) Book: “A Tale of Two Cities” Newsletters Publications Book: Changing Frontiers Participatory Action Planning - India (NRSP) Brazil EEZ Link NEUR / DPU International Conference: “Rural-Urban Encounters” Publications ID Newsletter Seminars/Book (FAO) Urbanisation & food production Implementation of participatory action plans - India (NRSP) Rural-Urban Network FAO Publication Publications Website Participatory video Workshops EU/Asia Transport Network Governance of water supply and sanitation in the PUI of metropolitan areas (DFID) Mexico, Caracas Cairo/Giza, Chennai & Dar es Salaam FDI impact on PU land access (ESRC) Publications Website Dialogue Fora Guidelines 4th World Water Forum Access to and control over water in the PUI (ESRC)

  4. What characterises the ‘Peri-urban Interface’? • The PUI is a mosaic of ‘natural’, ‘productive’ and ‘urban’ sub-systems Affected by material and energy flows demanded by both rural and urban areas. • Heterogeneous and changing social and economic structures Mix of mix of newcomers and long-established dwellers. Mix of farming, residential and industrial land uses. Diversified livelihoods strategies • Fragmented institutional landscape Made worse by rapid change and unclear boundaries and jurisdictions.

  5. Rural-Urban Interactions Rural systems Rural – Urban Flows Urban systems Socio-economic structure and relations Rural economy (sectors) Rural production regimes People Non-agricultural employment Urban services Production supplies Non-durable and durable goods Markets for selling rural products Processing / manufacturing Information on employment, production, prices, welfare services Production Commodities Capital/income Information Natural resources Waste and pollution Source: Based on Douglass, 1998:31.

  6. Who will fill in the W&S Gap? Rapid population and environmental change Relative lower population densities Irregular land and housing tenure conditions Higher distance to centralised wastewater disposal systems Factors preventing capital intensive solutions Affordability

  7. Service provision governance in the peri-urban interface of metropolitan areas Project aim “Improved knowledge and guidance on governance and management of water and sanitation in metropolitan peri-urban areas to increase access by the poor and to promote environmental sustainability”.

  8. The five case studies UTI, Cairo FLACSO, Mexico SUSTAIN, Chennai CENDES, Caracas UCLAS, Dar es Salaam

  9. Guidelines (1st draft) Guidelines (1st revision) Guidelines (final version) International Regional workshops: SE Asia (Chennai), ME & SSA (Nairobi) & LAC (Quito) - ca. 70 participants Cape Town workshop Other case studies London Specialist inputs London Workshop (5 partners) Conceptual background papers Comparative analysis of case studies Metropolitan Metropolitan WSS characterisation x 5 Partner comments on guidelines PU l localities Participatory local case studies x 10 Multi-stakeholder workshops x 5 OUTLINE OF PROJECT METHODOLOGY

  10. Overview of the five metropolitan area/regions Source: based on SUSTAIN (2004a), El-Hefnawi and Aref (2004), Cariola and Lacabana (2004a), Kombe and Lupala (2004a) and Torregrosa et al. (2004a).

  11. Characteristics of peri-urban localities examined Source: based on SUSTAIN (2004a), El-Hefnawi and Aref (2004), Cariola and Lacabana (2004b), Kombe and Lupala (2004a) and Torregrosa et al. (2004b).

  12. The water and sanitation cycle at the watershed level Source: Torregrosa et. al. (2004).

  13. The PUI often plays a key role in the extraction and replenishment of water resources or as an ‘environmental sink’ for waste flows from the urban core • Mexico & Chennai • PUI exporter of water while experiencing deficits for PUI • Saltwater intrusion • Greater Cairo Region • Waste accumulation in PUI • Industrial waste discharge

  14. Peri-urban dwellers are exposed to a combination of rural and urban health hazards associated with water consumption and waterborne sanitation • Chennai & Dar es Salaam • Mix of urban and rural livelihood activities • Water-intensive income activities • Greater Cairo Region • Diseases related to problem of waste management, lack of sanitation & clean water • Sewage irrigation for agriculture

  15. Governance in the PUI is severely fragmented, with a multitude of actors and no single organisation providing guidance or leadership • Chennai • Fragmentation of public sector responsibilities • Private sector involvement (formal and informal) • Greater Cairo Region • Multitude of actors involved in WSS • Separate public institutions for water supply and sanitation

  16. The water ‘wheel’

  17. The sanitation ‘wheel’

  18. Overview of policy-driven and needs-driven water supply practices in the five case studies Source: Case study reports.

  19. The peri-urban poor rely on a wide spectrum of informal practices to access WSS that often remain ‘invisible’ to policy makers and lie outside formal supportive strategies • Dar es Salaam • Specific mechanism to serve peri-urban poor with marginal financial support • Action against informal water vendors • Greater Cairo Region • Action against informal water vendors • Informal wastewater management filling the gap of the public sector

  20. Dar es Salaam • 2 branches of formal system • CWSSP - decentralised public kiosks • Mexico D.F. • Obstacles to main network extension • Low density • Distance to mains • Topography Conventional supply-driven / centralised network systems for WSS services will not soon, if ever, become the norm in the PUI

  21. Peri-urban poor: Citizens or consumers?In relation to water and sanitation the rights and entitlements of the peri-urban poor are usually ill-defined • Dar es Salaam • Informal water vendors • Flexibility • livelihoods • Experiments with community-managed schemes • Caracas • Rights and duties in accessing water

  22. Some lessons learnt • The PUI often plays a key role in the extraction and replenishment of water resources or as an ‘environmental sink’ for liquid and solid waste flows from the urban core. • Peri-urban communities are not only users but also producers. • WSS access by the peri-urban poor needs to be examined in relation to land/housing tenure and also gender, age, class and ethnicity. • Improved WSS requires diverse technical and political strategies at each stage of the ‘water cycle’ supporting multiple local agents. • Conventional supply-driven centralised network systems are unlikely to meet PUI needs. • Meeting the needs of the peri-urban poor requires a better understanding and official recognition of unconventional WSS providers. • The right to WSS is not just a right to subsidised services but a means to ensure that water and sanitation fulfil a social and environmental collective function.

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