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World War I

World War I. War Begins. Alliances the Triple Entente with United Kingdom, France & Russia Originally called the Triple Alliance Austria-Hungary, Germany,) Italy, (and then the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)). Nationalism. Militarism. Causes of World War I. Imperialism. Alliances.

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World War I

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  1. World War I

  2. War Begins • Alliances • the Triple Entente with United Kingdom, France & Russia • Originally called the Triple Alliance Austria-Hungary, Germany,) Italy, (and then the Ottoman Empire (Turkey))

  3. Nationalism Militarism Causes of World War I Imperialism Alliances

  4. July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary declares war against Serbia June 1914 GavriloPrincip (Serbian nationalist) kills Sophie & Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austrian throne) “THE EVENT” Alliance system kicks in Germany invades Belgium which goes against treaty to not invade Belgium August 3: Germany declares war on Russia’s ally - France August 1: Germany declares war on Russia (to support Austria-Hungary) The Great War has begun Britain declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary

  5. German Attack • SchlieffenPlan • Created in 1905 by Germany’s Army Chief of Staff • Germany would go through Belgium sweeping around Paris on the west • The other 10% of the army would invade Russia • Germany feared a simultaneous attack from G.B., France, & Russia as a result of the Triple Entente • Called for quick defeat of France • Britain and Russia would be unwilling to carry on the fight

  6. Schlieffen Plan Cont. • It would take 6 weeks for Russia to mobilize for an attack on Germany • Vital that France surrender before Russia was mobilized • 90% of German forces would be needed to defeat France • Wanted to avoid French forts on the German/French border • Called for an attack through Belgium, Luxembourg, & Holland • Remaining forces would be sent east to defend against a Russian attack

  7. Germany Attacks • August 2, 1914: Germany invades Belgium • Schlieffen Plan put into action • Belgium resists longer than Germany had anticipated • Germany surprised by the speed of the Russian attack on East Prussia and by the quick reaction of the British military

  8. War Begins • Battle of the Marne (6, September 1914) • Allies launch fierce counter-attack against the German Army at the Marne River • In meeting the attack the German Army is split • Germans forced to retreat • Schlieffen Plan fails, but the German retreat is successful • German Army immediately builds trenches stretching from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier • All hopes for a short war are lost

  9. Warfare Tactics • Trench Warfare • Germans had the best ground • Many allied trenches were in terrain less than 3 ft. above sea level • Most frontline trenches were 6-7 ft. deep • Parapet: front of trench, lined with sand bags • Fire steps allowed soldier to see over the top • Trenches were built with zigzag patterns.

  10. Parados [par-uh-dos] Fortification. A bank of earth built behind a trench or military emplacement to protect soldiers from a surprise attack from the rear.

  11. Gallipoli • The allies, led by the British, tried to open a Balkan front southwest of Constantinople in April 1915. • This led to disaster for the allies and they were forced to withdraw.

  12. New Technology • Machine Guns • Tanks • Airplanes • Blimps • U-Boats • Improved artillery • Poison gas • Flame thrower

  13. U.S. Involvement • Sinking of the Lusitania, 1915 • The Zimmerman Telegram • U.S. loans to Allies growing • In October 1914, President Wilson allowed a $500 million dollar U.S. loan to the Triple Entente. As a neutral nation, the U.S. eventually loaned the Triple Entente $2.3 billion. U.S. loans to the Triple Alliance were only $27 million. • The Russian Revolution

  14. World War I was considered total war • Involved a complete mobilization of resources • People involved, all citizens affected • Masses of men • Supplies • Increase of government powers • Woodrow Wilson • Espionage and Sedition Acts (1918) • Protestors imprisoned

  15. Outcomes • The two front war combined with the British naval blockade drained German morale and productivity on the home front. • Unrestricted U-Boat warfare was adopted by the Germans to starve the British out of the war. • This led to the sinking of the Lusitania, which spurred the U.S. to enter the war on the side of the Allies

  16. Outcomes • As the U.S. entered the war, the German & Austrian governments had ended hostilities with Russia on the Eastern front. • Both sides looked for a quick and decisive end to the war in a battle to be fought somewhere on the Western front.

  17. Outcomes, cont. • Initial German successes on the Western front in 1918 were nullified by successful Allied counterattacks as the Americans bolstered the Allied forces. • German losses coupled with anti-war sentiment led to a German request for armistice. (cease fire) • 11th hour, of the 11th day, of the 11th month, 1918.

  18. Impacts of War • Warfare in the industrial age was much different than previous wars • Many common tactics were outdated • Devastation was unimaginable • Physical destruction (no man’s land) • Massive casualties • 8,500,000 dead • 21,200,000 wounded • 58% of enlistees became casualties

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