The Costs of World War I: Difficult Peace and Lasting Consequences

1. Preview, continued The Costs of the War Quick Facts: Effects of World War I Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts Video: The Impact of Modern Warfare The War Ends

2. The War Ends Main Idea After several years of bloody stalemate-and the entry of the United States into the conflict-the Allied Powers finally prevailed. The peace, however, proved difficult to establish. • Reading Focus • What issues made the peace process difficult? • What were the costs of the war?

3. Wilson’s Vision Allied Goals • Wilson announced his vision of world peace, Fourteen Points • Included reduction of weapons, right of people to choose own government • Proposed organization of world nations, protect from aggression • Leaders of four major Allies all had different ideas of peace treaty • French wanted to punish Germany, reparations for cost of war • British wanted to punish Germany, but not weaken it A Difficult Peace Although peace had come to the battlefield, the leaders of the war’s major countries still had to work out a formal peace agreement. This task would prove difficult. Italy’s leader hoped to gain territory for his nation, but was disappointed to find himself mostly ignored by other leaders during peace talks.

4. World War I and the Russian Revolution Witness History Audio: Worth Cost? Vera Brittian The Costs of War Influenza had spread among the troops at the end of the war and went home with them to their families and neighbors. The loss of lives from the flu and the war and the costs of rebuilding war-ravaged cities made some countries and colonies vulnerable to revolt. Section 4: Making the Peace 1 of 9

5. Economic Costs Political Change • War destroyed national economies • Farmland, cities devastated • Economic chaos in much of Europe • Cost Europe role as dominant economic region of world • U.S., Japan, others prospered during war • World War I caused widespread political unrest • Communist revolution in Russia • Monarchies in Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire overthrown • Political, social turmoil would shape world in years to come The Costs of the War • Human Costs • Nearly 9 million soldiers killed in battle • Millions wounded, taken prisoner • Almost an entire generation of young German, Russian, French men died, were wounded in war • Deadly outbreak of influenza spread by returning soldiers killed some 50 million worldwide, spring 1918

6. World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 4 Note Taking Transparency 172A 7 of 9

7. Unrest in Colonies Many colonists who fought in war heard noble words about importance of freedom, democracy After fighting for colonial rulers, expected rights for themselves Wartime sacrifices did not win new freedoms European powers split up lands controlled by Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Ottomans and redistributed them to other colonial powers The Costs of the War

8. World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 4 Pie Charts: Central Powers’ Casualties 4 of 9

9. World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 4 Pie Charts: Allied Casualties 5 of 9

10. World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 4 Graph: Financial Costs of the War 6 of 9

11. World War I and the Russian Revolution The Paris Peace Conference The Allies met in Paris to decide what the outcome of the war would be for Europe. President Wilson wanted to advance his Fourteen Points, which would bring “peace without victory.” The British Prime Minister wanted to rebuild England on a grand scale, while France’s leader wanted to see Germany punished. Note Taking Transparency 172B Section 4: Making the Peace The Treaty of Versailles Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which narrowed German borders and as well as saddling the country with the costs of war reparations. For a country whose economy was already reeling, the debt would prove too costly. Geography Interactive: Europe, 1914 and 1920 2 of 9

12. Key points Weaker Germany German reaction • Germany forced to pay enormous amount of money to war’s victims • Treaty also assessed responsibility for the war on Germany • Military size limited • Return conquered lands to France, Russia • German land taken to form Poland • Other colonies given to various world powers • Furious, though no choice but to sign • Reparations crippled economy • Bitterness would affect German politics in years to come The Treaty of Versailles After difficult negotiations, the Allies finally compromised on the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty was named after the French Palace of Versailles, where the treaty signing took place.

14. World War I and the Russian Revolution The Outcome of the Peace Settlements Other treaties also went into effect. In Eastern Europe, the Allies created new nations, such as Poland and Yugoslavia. Previously German-ruled colonies in Africa and Asia were administered by other Western powers. The League of Nations was also established, although without U.S. participation. Section 4: Making the Peace QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency 3 of 9

15. Aftermath • League of Nations • Organization of world governments proposed by Wilson • Established by Treaty of Versailles • Main goals • Encourage cooperation, keep peace between nations • Germany excluded • U.S. did not ratify treaty, not member, weakened League • Other treaties • Separate agreements with all defeated Central Powers • Made important changes to Europe • Changes in Europe • Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire lands broken apart • Independent nations created: Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Turkey

16. Zionist movement Changes in Middle East • Movement to create a Jewish state in the Middle East • Balfour Declaration favored establishing Jewish state in Palestine • Britain created Transjordan from Palestine Mandate • Mandates eventually became colonies • Former Ottoman lands turned into mandates, territories to be ruled by European powers • Syria, Lebanon became French mandates • Palestine, Iraq became British mandates • European nations supposed to control mandates only until they were able to govern selves The Middle East

18. Summarize Why was it so difficult to work out a peace agreement? Answer(s): because each of the four major Allies had different goals

20. Summarize What were the costs of the war? Answer(s): Millions of people died or were wounded. Some nations' economies were devastated while others prospered. Some people enjoyed the benefits of freedom and democracy after the war, but others remained under the control of colonial rulers.

22. VideoThe Impact of Modern Warfare Click above to play the video.

23. World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 4 Note Taking Transparency 172B 8 of 9

24. World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 4 Progress Monitoring Transparency 9 of 9