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Crisis and absolutism in europe

Chapter 14 notes. Crisis and absolutism in europe. Religious wars plagued Europe in the 16 th century. Most were between Catholicism and Calvinism, but economy, social issues and politics also played roles.

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Crisis and absolutism in europe

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  1. Chapter 14 notes Crisis and absolutism in europe

  2. Religious wars plagued Europe in the 16th century. Most were between Catholicism and Calvinism, but economy, social issues and politics also played roles. King Philip II of Spain wanted to use military to spread Catholicism and unite his empire. England became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe. Philip II sent the Spanish armada to attack England to end Protestantism and ensure Catholicism, but England won. EUROPE IN CRISIS-THE WARS OF RELIGION

  3. France erupted into civil wars, based mainly on religion. • These wars lasted 30-40 years, until Henry IV came to the throne. • He switched from Protestant to Catholic an dissued the Edict of Nantes, which proclaimed Catholicism the official religion of France, but allowed the Huguenots (French Protestants) to practice freely. • By the end of the 1500s, England and France held the balance of power.

  4. Severe economic and social crises plagued Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. France emerged dominant. Conflicts between the kings of England and Parliament civil war, the execution of a king, and a revolution. • During the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, witches were hunted, tortured, and killed. • The 30 Years War, aka “the last of the religious wars,” started between the Catholic forces led by the Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperors, and the Protestant nobles in Bohemia. • Denmark, Sweden, France, and Spain all got involved. • The Peace of Westphalia ended the war and broke up the HRE. Social crises, war and revolution

  5. King James I came to power in England. He believed in the divine right of Kings (king answered only to God). • His son, Charles I, believed the same as he. • Parliament disagreed- believed power is shared • Charles tried to force Church of England rituals on the Puritans. Many of them left for the Americas. • A revolution led in part by Oliver Cromwell, a military genius, ended with the beheading of Charles I, abolishing the House of Lords, and declared England a republic, or commonwealth. Revolutions in england

  6. After Cromwell died, power was returned to Charles II, the monarch. Charles II was Protestant, didn’t mistreat Catholics or Protestants. His brother, James II, succeeded him. • The Glorious Revolution- William and Mary of Orange were invited to invade England and remove James II of the throne. Mary was James’ daughter. • They did so, with little to no bloodshed. • William and Mary agreed to be King and Queen of England, but also agreed to the English Bill of Rights.

  7. The English Bill of Rights: • Limited the power of the monarchs. • Gave Parliament the right to make laws and levy taxes. • Armies could only be raised with Parliament’s OK. • Kings couldn’t do away with Parliament. • It also gave individual rights, such as bearing arms and a jury trial. • The BOR limited the powers of the monarchs.

  8. One response to all the crises of the 17th century was to seek a more powerful monarch. • Absolutism is a system in which a ruler holds total power. • Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin were chief ministers who strengthened the throne when Louis XIII and Louis XIV were only boys. Loius XIV is the best example of an absolute monarch • Louis XIV had the Palace of Versailles built to isolate government offices, live in, and powerful subjects came to find political offices and favors. Response to crisis- absolutism

  9. Other absolute rulers: • The Fredericks of Prussia. • Ivan (IV) the Terrible of Russia was the first czar (Caesar) of Russia. He was followed by Michael Romanov. The Romanov’s most distinguished czar was Peter the Great.

  10. Baroque artistry came to be during the 16th and 17th centuries. • A famous Baroque artist was Bernini, who completed Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome. • William Shakespeare lived and wrote during this time period. • Miguel de Cervantes wrote Don Quixote. • Thomas Hobbes wrote about how humans are not guided by reason or morals, but by a quest for self preservation. The world of european culture

  11. John Locke wrote his “Two Treatises of Government” in which he described all men as having certain natural, unalienable rights, including life liberty and property. • He said that if a government fails to promote those human rights, the people are justified in overthrowing it and starting a new one of their own. • He also wrote of how men have to agree to be governed.

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