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Niches and Community Interactions

Niches and Community Interactions. What is a niche? How does competition shape communities? How do predation and herbivory shape communities? What are the three primary ways that organisms depend on each other?. Tolerance.

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Niches and Community Interactions

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  1. Niches and Community Interactions What is a niche? How does competition shape communities? How do predation and herbivory shape communities? What are the three primary ways that organisms depend on each other?

  2. Tolerance • Species have a range of conditions under which they can live and grow • “Tolerance” is the ability to survive and reproduce • Example: Temperature

  3. Habitat • There are upper and lower limits of tolerance for every environmental factor • What is an environmental factor? • Tolerance determines “Habitat”, or general place where something lives

  4. The Niche • Niche is like the organisms environmental job, how does it fit into the community? • Two aspects of it’s niche • Physical (abiotic) • Biological (biotic) • What is your Niche? How do you fit into the community?

  5. Resources • Essentials for survival biotic and abiotic • What are ours? • Give an animal example what does it need to survive?

  6. Competition • Think about Food Webs • There are multiple animals competing for the same resource sometimes. • Example? • Intraspecific and Interspecific

  7. Competitive Exclusion Principle • Competition between different species will usually cause one to die out. Winner and Loser. • Usually less competitive species die out • “No two species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time.” • We don’t usually find species whose niches overlap too much

  8. Dividing Resources • Birds occupying different levels of the tree the birds divide the resources available

  9. Predator-Prey Relationships • Predator what does it do? • Predators determine where prey can live and feed • Predators play a role in determining the size of prey populations • Example of a predator/prey relationship

  10. Herbivore-Plant Relationship • Affect size and distribution of plant populations in a community places plants can grow and survive

  11. Keystone Species • Changes in a population of a species • They cause dramatic change in community • Example: Sea Otters that eat urchins in the pacific coast, urchins eat kelp, kelp becomes over populated making kelp beds. • Sea otters were hunted for furs, when their population decreased kelp almost vanished too. Why?

  12. What Happened? • Without the predators, the urchins ate all the kelp. • Without kelp habitat many seabirds disappeared too, they lost kelp habitat • Sea otters became a protected species, now urchins are dying, and kelp beds are prospering

  13. Symbiosis • A relationship where species live closely together • Symbiosis means “Living Together” • Mutualism • Parasitism • Commensalism

  14. Mutualism • A relationship where both species gain something from the relationship • Clown Fish “Nemo” and the Sea Anemone

  15. Parasitism • One species benefits while other is harmed or weakened • Tape Worm and Human • Dog and Flea

  16. Commensalism • One organism benefits while other is neither harmed nor benefits from the relationship • Whale and Barnacle

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