U.S. Foreign Policy Evolution: Isolationism to Global Leadership

1. Chapter 24Charting A Course Section 1: Development of U.S. Foreign Policy Section 2: The Cold War Section 3: New Trends

2. Chapter 24 Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy OBJECTIVES • Why did the United States maintain a policy of isolationism in its early years, and why was it hard to follow? • What effects did the War of 1812, the Monroe Doctrine, and the Good Neighbor Policy have on U.S. international relations? • What caused the United States to enter World War I and World War II?

3. Chapter 24 Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy Reasons for Isolationism • Early years—the country was in debt and struggling to build an economy • Early leaders tried to concentrate on the country’s development and avoided foreign affairs. • Border disputes with Canada and Spain blocked expansion and threatened trade.

4. Chapter 24 Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy U.S. International Relations • War of 1812—improved relations with Great Britain, British Canada, and other foreign nations; 100-year period of isolationism followed • The Monroe Doctrine (1823)—set course of U.S. relations with Latin America and Europe; declared Americas closed to colonization

5. Chapter 24 Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy U.S. International Relations (continued) • Roosevelt Corollary (1905)—United States would police the Western Hemisphere; dollar diplomacy developed • The Good Neighbor Policy (1933)—opposed armed intervention in Latin America by the United States

6. Chapter 24 Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy The United States entered World Wars I: World War I—German submarines sank U.S. merchant ships, ending U.S. neutrality

7. Chapter 24 Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy The United States entered World Wars II: • World War II—United States became the “arsenal of democracy” • December 7, 1941—Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and shattered U.S. neutrality; U.S. declared war on Japan • Germany and Italy declared war on the United States

8. Chapter 24 Section 2: The Cold War OBJECTIVES • What began the Cold War, and what form did the early U.S. response take? • How did the U.S. response to the Berlin blockade and the Cuban missile crisis differ? • What events marked the end of the Cold War?

9. Chapter 24 Section 2: The Cold War The Cold War and early U.S. response: • After World War II, Russia established communist satellite nations throughout Eastern Europe and tried to increase power to eastern Mediterranean and Southwest Asia. • The United States sees Soviet expansion as threat to national security and world peace.

10. Chapter 24 Section 2: The Cold War The Cold War and early U.S. response: (continued) • The United States and the Soviet Union use propaganda, spying, alliances, foreign aid, and other methods against each other. • March 1947—The Truman Doctrine begins policy of containment: financial aid to keep communism from spreading.

11. Chapter 24 Section 2: The Cold War U.S. response to the Berlin blockade and the Cuban missile crisis: • The Berlin blockade—the United States and Great Britain airlift food, clothing, and essential items to the people of western Berlin • Cuban missile crisis—the U.S. Navy and Air Force search foreign ships bound for Cuba for weapons; army troops are put on alert • Show of force in the Cuban missile crisis underscores the dangers of the Cold War

12. Chapter 24 Section 2: The Cold War Marking the end of the Cold War: • 1987—Gorbechev’s reforms: glasnost and perestroika give Soviet people more freedom and restructure the failing economy; détente lessens tensions with the United States • 1990—Communist governments fall in six Eastern European countries. • 1990—Prodemocracy candidates win local Soviet elections.

13. Chapter 24 Section 2: The Cold War Marking the end of the Cold War: (continued) • Soviet republics rally for independence. • 1991—Soviet Union ceases to exist; the Commonwealth of Independent States forms. • Cold War ends with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of communism in Eastern Europe.

14. Chapter 24 Section 3: New Trends OBJECTIVES • What new global challenges has the United States faced since the end of the Cold War? • How was the United States attacked on September 11, 2001, and who was the immediate suspect in the attacks? • How did the U.S. government respond to the terrorist attacks?

15. Chapter 24 Section 3: New Trends New global challenges: • As the only superpower, the United States tries to resolve conflicts and promote stability. • Iraq—Iraq invaded Kuwait leading to the Persian Gulf War; Saddam Hussein remains in power and failed to keep cease-fire terms; relations with the United States remain poor • India and Pakistan—nuclear powers clash over Kashmir

16. Chapter 24 Section 3: New Trends New global challenges: (continued) • China—continuing disagreements with the United States on human rights and trade issues • Africa—the spread of AIDS is a major concern • Latin America and Canada—North American Free Trade Agreement shaping relations; War on Drugs

17. Chapter 24 Section 3: New Trends September 11, 2001 • Terrorists hijack four airliners, destroy the World Trade Center, and damage the Pentagon. • Thousands of people are killed in the attack. • Osama Bin Laden, leader of the al Qaeda network, surfaces as the prime suspect. • The Taliban regime in Afghanistan is singled out as key sponsor of terrorism.

18. Chapter 24 Section 3: New Trends U.S. response to terrorist attacks: • President George W. Bush declares a war on terror. • President Bush appoints Governor Tom Ridge as head of the Office of Homeland Security. • Colin Powell leads efforts to build an international coalition against terrorism. • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization invokes its Article 5 for the first time. • October 7, 2001—The United States and Great Britain begin airstrikes in Afghanistan; ground troops follow. • Fighting terrorism has become central to U.S. foreign policy.