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Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry. The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. The vast majority of organic compounds contain chains of rings of carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons. . . . compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen.

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Organic Chemistry

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  1. Organic Chemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. The vast majority of organic compounds contain chains of rings of carbon atoms.

  2. Hydrocarbons . . . compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen. Saturated: carbon-carbon bonds are all single - alkanes [CnH2n+2]

  3. Hydrocarbons(continued) Unsaturated: contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds.

  4. Rules for Naming Alkanes 1. For alkanes beyond butane, add -ane to the Greek root for the number of carbons. C-C-C-C-C-C = hexane • Alkyl substituents: drop the -ane and add -yl. -C2H5 is ethyl

  5. Rules for Naming Alkanes 3. Positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain sequentially. C  C-C-C-C-C-C 3-methylhexane 4. Location and name are followed by root alkane name. Substituents in alphabetical order and use di-, tri-, etc.

  6. Substitution Reactions Primarily where halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms.

  7. Cyclic Alkanes Carbon atoms can form rings containing only carbon-carbon single bonds. C3H6, C4H8, C6H12

  8. Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. [CnH2n] CC=C propene Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond. CCCCC2-pentyne

  9. Nomenclature for Alkenes 1. Root hydrocarbon name ends in -ene C2H4 is ethene 2. With more than 3 carbons, double bond is indicated by the lowest numbered carbon atom in the bond. C=CCC is 1-butene

  10. Addition Reactions . . . in which (weaker)  bonds are broken and new (stronger)  bonds are formed to atoms being added.

  11. Aromatic Hydrocarbons A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons. + Cl2 + HCl benzene Chlorobenzene

  12. Refinery Processes Cracking: large molecules broken down to smaller ones by breaking carbon-carbon bonds. Pyrolysis (thermal cracking): The process that produces cracking at high temperatures. Catalytic Cracking: Cracking at lower temperatures. Catalytic reforming: Alkanes and cycloalkanes converted to aromatic compounds.

  13. The Common Functional Groups ClassGeneral Formula Halohydrocarbons RX Alcohols ROH Ethers ROR Aldehydes

  14. The Common Functional Groups ClassGeneral Formula Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters Amines RNH2

  15. Polymers . . . are large, usually chainlike molecules that are built from small molecules called monomers. MonomerPolymer Ethylene Polyethylene Vinyl chloride Polyvinyl chloride Tetrafluoroethylene Teflon

  16. Types of Polymerization Addition Polymerization: monomers “add together” to form the polymer, with no other products. (Teflon) Condensation Polymerization: A small molecule, such as water, is formed for each extension of the polymer chain. (Nylon)

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