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Explore various benign salivary gland diseases such as infectious, autoimmune, and congenital disorders, including rare viral parotitis (Mumps) and chronic sialadenitis. Learn about clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment options.
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Benign Salivary Diseases • Infectious • Acute • Chronic • Inflammatory • Autoimmune • Granulomatous • Sialolithiasis • Cystic • Congenital • Acquired • Other • Sialorrhea • Sialadenosis • Rare
Viral Parotitis(Mumps) • Paramyxovirus – A RNA virus • Droplet infection/fomites • Children of school going age & young adults • Incubation period: 2-3 weeks • Patient is infective even before the onset of clinical manifestations and remains so 7-10 days after the swelling subsides • Virus excreted through nasal, salivary & urinary secretions
Clinical features • Symptoms – fever, malaise, headache in 1/3rd, painful swelling of parotids – 70% bilateral. Occasionally submandibular glands affected • Tense, firm swelling - lasts for a week • Other features: Orchitis, Ophritis, Pancreatitis,aseptic meningitis, • thyroiditis, myocarditis, • nephritis,arthritis • Unilateral SNHL/sudden loss
Diagnosis • Clinical diagnosis • Serum & urinary amylase are raised • Raised serum IgM & IgG by day 5
Treatment • Good hydration • Rest • Analgesics • Cold & hot compression • MMR vaccination by 15 months
Acute Bacterial Sialadenitis • 2 mechanical factors: • Retrograde contamination of the salivary gland duct & parenchymal tissue by bacteria • Stasis of salivary flow through ducts & parenchyma
Predisposing factors • Systemic dehydration • Major surgical procedures • HIV Infections • Systemic diseases like Diabetes, renal failure, Sjogren’s syndrome, hepatic failure • Mechanical obstruction to the duct • Bacteriology: Staph aureus
Clinical features • Sudden onset • Pain & enlargement of the affected gland • Tender, erythematous, indurated swelling over the parotid, aggravated by jaw movements • Fever & malaise • Stenson’s duct swollen & red with discharging pus on pressure
Diagnosis • Clinical diagnosis • Leucocytosis with neutrophelia • Serum amylase normal
Treatment • Treat the underlying cause • IV antibiotics • Adequate hydration • Proper oral hygiene • Surgical drainage if required
Chronic recurrent Sialadenitis • Recurrent acute attacks of infection involving parotid gland • Symptoms: • Mildly painful, recurrent parotid enlargement – aggravated by eating • 80% develop xerostomia • O/E: • Palpable enlargement with scanty saliva on palpation • Will have acute picture during flare-ups
Chronic Sialadenitis • Radiology: • Sialography – prominent sialectasia, filling defects due to debris, stenosis • Treatment: • Treatment of acute attack with antibiotics • Remove any calculus • Periodic ductal dilation, duct ligation, irradiation, gland excision
Acute Suppurative Parotitis of Infancy • Unique to newborns – 40% of affected are premature • Usually in parotid • Bacteriology: • Staph. aureus • Streptococci, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeriginosa, Moroxellacatarrhalis • Treatment: • Hydration • IV antibiotics • Usually resolves within one week
Recurrent Parotitis of Childhood • Second most common salivary disorder in children • Infections occur every 2-3 months, last days to 2 weeks and often resolve at puberty • Symptoms: • Recurrent acute/subacute swelling of parotid with fever and malaise – usually unilateral • Asymptomatic between episodes • Diagnosis: • History • USG to rule out new presentation of Sjögren’s syndrome (2-4 mm round hypoechoic areas in superficial lobes)
Recurrent Parotitis of Childhood • Etiology: • Congenital malformation – congenital sialectases predispose to bacterial colonization • Recurrent ascending infection with mucus plug formation • Immune deficiency • Treatment: • Antibiotics with each episode (wait out infections until “burns out” at puberty) • Conservative measures • Parotid duct dilation to break-up mucus plugs • Rarely parotid duct ligation
Sialectasis • Dilatation of the ductal system • Aetiology: congenital/Associated with Sjogren’s syndrome • Stasis of secretions & infection • CF: similar to chronic recurrent sialadenitis, can be differentiated by sialography which shows punctate/globular/cavitary types of dilatation
Granulomatous diseases • Tuberculosis • Sarcoidosis • Actinomycosis
Tuberculosis • Uncommon • Unilateral parotid swelling • Spread of infection from the teeth & tonsil • Two forms: Acute inflammatory/Chronic granulomatous • May present with fistula • Excision/Anti tubercular treatment
Sarcoidosis • Heerfordt’s syndrome(Uveoparotid fever) – Uveitis, chorioretinitis, facial paralysis & Parotid enlargement • 20-30 years • Fever, malaise, weakness, nausea & night sweats • Diagnosis: Kveim’s test • Treatment: Steroids, symptomatic
Actinomycosis • Uncommon • Acute abscess with sinus formation discharging sulphur like granules • Indolent swelling over the parotid • Surgical drainage • Penicillin/tetracyclin
Sialolithiasis • Occur most commonly in submandibular glands (80 – 90%%) • More alkaline pH • Higher viscosity mucoid secretions • Anti-gravity flow through long duct • Uric acid stones in gout occur primarily in parotids • Composition: • Calcium phosphate as hydroxyapitite • Carbohydrate and amino acid matrix • Uric acid in gout • Etiology: • Infection alters protein composition of mucin – encourages calcium precipitation – prevalent in chronic sialadenitis • Duct stenosis/secretion stasis encourage stone formation
Sialolithiasis • Symptoms: • Intermittent pain/swelling - exacerbated by eating • Symptoms can resolve between meals • Range from discomfort to cellulitis to purulent secretions • Diagnosis: • Usually can palpate stone in FOM • Plain films will show submandibular stones 80-90% • Only 10% for parotid stones • Sialography – nearly 100% sensitive, allows evaluation of gland anatomy/parenchyma also • Contraindicated in acute infection
Sialolithiasis • Treatment: • Spontaneous extrusion with sialagogues • Proximal stones can be milked from duct after dilation • Local anesthesia and I&D of Warthin’s duct with stone removal • Higher risk of stenosis if I&D of parotid duct, must place stent • Gland excision if stone is in parenchyma • Failure to remove stones leads to abscess formation, duct stricture, chronic sialadenitis, gland destruction
Sjogren’s Syndrome • Second most common autoimmune disorder after rheumatoid arthritis • Primary/Secondary
Primary • Mikulicz’s disease / Benign lymphoepithelial disease • Xerostomia & Xero-opthalmia • Involves both the sexes
Secondary • Keratoconjunctivitis sicca • Xerostomia • Rheumatoid arthritis • Bilateral parotid swelling • More common in females • Diagnosis: Raised ESR, + RH factor, +antinuclear antibodies, biopsy from lower lip • Treatment: Symptomatic, NSAID, Steroids