Contact Information: Dr. Howard J. Singer, Chief Research and Development Division

1. Contact Information: Dr. Howard J. Singer, Chief Research and Development Division NOAA Space Environment Center 325 Broadway Boulder, CO 80305 303-497-6959 303-497-5388 howard.singer@noaa.gov

2. GOES Space Environment Monitor (SEM) H. J. Singer, NOAA Space Envrionment Center • NOAA Space Environment Center (SEC) • Current GOES SEM Instruments and Societal Benefits • GOES-R+ SEM Instrument Baseline and Improvements • Trade Studies and User Input GOES Users’ Conference Boulder, CO May 22, 2001

3. SEC Mission Statement • The Space Environment Center is the Nation’s official source of space weather alerts and warnings. The Center continually monitors and forecasts Earth’s space environment; provides accurate, reliable, and useful solar terrestrial information; and leads programs to improve services. • To serve the Nation and reduce the adverse effects of space weather disturbances on human activities: • SEC synthesizes and disseminates information about past, present, and future conditions in the space environment for space weather users and private industry vendors; we prepare the data we acquire for the national archive. • SEC leads in development and implementation of programs in solar-terrestrial physics and space environment services by conducting research and developing techniques that improve monitoring and forecasting. • SEC uses its expertise to advise and educated those who operate systems affected by disturbances in the space environment and those who have general interest in our science. GOES Observations are a Key Component of SEC Mission

4. Space Weather Operations Forecast Center • Nation’s official source of • Space Weather alerts, • warnings, and forecasts • Synthesis of space • environment data and • information • Works together with • Research and Development • to bring new understanding, • models, and data into • operations GOES Observations Critical to Space Weather Operations

5. GeomagneticStorms Solar Radiation Storms Radio Blackouts 5 High Radiation Hazard 4 Power Grid Instability 3 HF Blackout for an Hour 2 Infrequent SEU 1 Minor Impact on Satellites NOAA Space Weather Scale Summary Extreme Severe Strong Moderate Minor Measures:Kp Geomagnetic GOES >10 MeV p GOES X-Rays Index

6. GOES Space Environment Monitor Measurements of energetic particles, magnetic field, solar x-rays, and solar EUV provide data of practical benefit to commercial and government activities and for extensive basic research.

7. Satellites: GOES 8 (Launch: 4/13/94, Operational) GOES 9 (Launch: 5/23/95, On-orbit storage) (Launch: 4/25/97, Operational) GOES 11 (Launch 5/13/00, On-orbit storage) GOES M (Launch planned July 01) GOES NO/PQ (HSC in production, launch start 03) GOES 10 NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Instrumentation for SEC • Space Environment Monitor (SEM) • Energetic Particle Sensor (EPS) • Monitors the energetic electron, proton, and • alpha particle fluxes • e: 0.03-4.0 MeV, p: 0.08-700 MeV, a: 4-3400 MeV • Magnetometer (MAG) • Monitors the vector magnetic field • 0.512 second samples, ~0.1 nT sensitivity, • +/- 1000 nT • X-Ray & Extreme UltraViolet Sensors (XRS/EUV) • Monitors whole-Sun x-ray brightness in two bands • 1 - 8 Angstroms and 0.5 - 4 Angstroms • 5 EUV Bands

8. GOES Energetic Particle Sensor: Mitigation of International Space Station Radiation Risks “Highest priority space weather need for NASA SRAG is a “Healthy” NOAA SEC…” M. Golightly, NASA/SRAG GOES Measurements of Radiation to Astronauts: Radiation Belt Enhancements: electrons: > 500 keV Solar Energetic Protons: protons: > 10 MeV Heavy Ion Measurements Needed: C-N-O and Iron Space Radiation Analysis Group NASA Johnson Space Center Michael J. Golightly

9. GOES Magnetometer Monitors Solar Wind Shock Impact and Magnetopause Crossings at Geosynchronous Orbit Magnetopause crossings interfere with satellite operations. Shock Magnetopause Crossings Geosynchronous Assets YOHKOH As of a May 2000 report, 138 insured satellites in geosynchronous orbit valued at $20.1 B. “Space weather suggested as cause or contributor to over $500 M in insurance claims in past 4 years. “ U.S. Aviation Underwriters, Inc

10. GOES 8 During July 2000 Geomagnetic Storm Model movie illustrating extreme changes in magnetic field and plasma environment at geosynchronous. movie

11. XRS Products and User Needs • Status: • XRS provides the primary standard for solar flare magnitude • Real-time XRS data provides the first indications of solar flare activity • Prediction of probability of energetic proton event • Estimation of region and severity of short-wave radio fade • Used by both NOAA/SEC and the Air Force 55th Weather Squadron • Forecast Alerts and Warnings are sent out based on the initial XRS measurements of a flare. • - Alerts and Warnings are sent when XRS sees flux of >M5.0 and >X1.0 HF Absorption Product: http://sec.noaa.gov/rt_plots/dregion.html Solar Proton Prediction Product: http://sec.noaa.gov/~sgreer/gprot/index.html

12. GPS L1 L2 Ionosphere GPS Receiver USA ESA Japan Hubble Extreme UltraViolet Sensor (EUV) Recent Improvement (GOES NOPQ) - Include five EUV channels Enhanced Services - Improved orbit prediction for low-earth orbit - Improved ionospheric parameterization for navigation and communication - Better predictions of ionospheric and thermospheric conditions Ionospheric variations cause navigation errors in GPS Predicted Hubble Altitude 320 Thermospheric Density variations cause orbit instabilities or even re-entry Altitude (nautical miles) 260 200 2000 1995 2005 Year G. Withbroe, NASA

13. GOES R+ SEM Instrument Proposed Improvements

14. Summary • GOES Space Environment Monitor measurements provide crucial data to our nation and the world for commercial and government applications and for basic research • NOAA services must expand to meet the needs of our nation’s increasing use of and reliance on the space environment • Baseline requirements and proposed enhancements have been defined • Plans are underway for additional trade studies and User / Instrument-provider / Partnership workshops that are needed to determine the highest priority needs and implementation strategy