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Blood

This introduction to blood covers its components, physical characteristics, plasma, formed elements like erythrocytes and leukocytes, platelets, and blood physiology. Learn about disorders, leukocytes, and blood groups for a comprehensive understanding.

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Blood

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  1. 10 Blood

  2. Blood

  3. I. Introduction to Blood A.*Tissue: ____________________ B.*2 Components = __________ and ________ C. *Hematocrit = define 1. *Bottom contains = ? 2. *Buffy layer contains 2 items = ? 3. *Top layer contains = ? D. Anemia

  4. E. Physical Characteristics of Blood 1. Color • *with High Oxygen = • *with Low Oxygen = 2.*pH is ? • Acidosis: ______ • Alkalosis: ______ 3. *Temperature is ?

  5. II. Blood Plasma-- Components (FIGURE 10.1) A. *Amount That is Water = ______% • *Examples of substances dissolved in the water = ? SEE TEXT TABLE B. Plasma proteins • Albumin: Function • Produced by 2. Fibrinogen: Function • Produced by 3. Antibodies (Globulins): Function • Produced by

  6. Figure 10.1 (1 of 2)

  7. Figure 10.1 (2 of 2)

  8. III. Formed Elements A. Erythrocytes (RBCs) • Anatomy • *Shape • *Nucleus: Do they have? • *Organelles: amount? • *Function • Hemoglobin - *Biochemical = type? • *Metal in Hemoglobin= • *1 Hemoblobin has how many O2? • *Blood Count: • Compared to RBC of 5 M/ml blood, Platelets are 20times less at 250,000/ml and the WBC count is 1000 times less at 5,000/ml • RBC PLATELETS WBC

  9. Lymphocyte Platelets Erythrocytes Neutrophils Figure 10.2

  10. Erythrocyte Disorders *Anemia in general = *Sickle Cell Anemia • What do the blood cells do and when? • Consequences • How transmitted? Sickled Cell of patient with Sickle Cell Anemia

  11. Figure 10.3

  12. Lymphocyte Platelets Erythrocytes Neutrophils Figure 10.2

  13. Formed Elements … B. Leukocytes (WBCs) • *General Function = • *Cell Parts: Do they have a nucleus and organelles? • *Diapedesis = • *Response to damaged tissues: how? • *WBC Count:

  14. MEMORY TIP • Neutrophils Never • Lymphocytes Let • Monocytes Monkeys • Eosinophils Eat • Basophils Banannas

  15. Formed Elements … 1. Granulocytes = have granules a. Neutrophils • *Frequency? • Function: Bacteria & Funci b. Eosinophils • *Frequency? • Function: Allergy and parasitic worms c. Basophils • *Frequency? • Function: Inflammatory Response • Histamine

  16. Formed Elements … 2. Agranulocytes: no granules a. Lymphocytes • Nucleus • Immune System • B cells • T cells • 2nd most common b. Monocytes • Nucleus • Function: as macrophages • chronic infection • uncommon

  17. Disorders Involving Leukocytes Students do : • *Leukemia

  18. Formed Elements … C. Platelets • Structure: • fragmented megakaryocytes • Clotting process • Count:300,000 per ml

  19. IV. Blood PhysiologyA. Hematopoiesis 1.= ________________ 2. *Location: 3. Cells that begin process = Hemocytoblast: • *Cells Produced: • Primary Control System = • *Hormone is ? • *Produced in what organ?

  20. B. Hemostasis 1. *= define 2. 3 phases a. Vascular Spasms • *Results in Vasoconstriction (via smooth muscle): What is Vasoconstriction? Affect of Vasoconstriction?

  21. Hemostasis … b. Platelet Plug Formation • Platelet Plug = • First– Collagen fibers: • *Result of exposure to Collagen: • *Anchored Platelets release? And what is the affect of this: ? • platelet plug has formed Collagen exposed Platelet Plug

  22. Hemostasis … c. *Coagulation = • First: Many chemical reactions are needed, one after the other to eventually cause coagulation. • Needed Chemicals come from: • *Damaged Cells release: • *Platelets release: • DNA genes • *What other chemicals are involved in reactions? • Finally Thrombin, an enzyme, is produced • Thrombin Function: • Fibrinogen does what? • *Normal time to clotting: ? Fibrin Network Fibrin Network

  23. Figure 10.7

  24. Students do: Blood Disorders • *Thrombus • *Embolus • *Hemophilia

  25. C. Blood Groups and Transfusions– IMMUNE SYS 1. Importance of Transfusions a. Loss of > 30 % causes shock b. Transfusions: must be of the same blood group • History of Discovery 2. Immune System—Basic Functions a. Antigens = a foreign substance that is usually on the cell surface that the immune system can recognize as foreign and then attack; are typically proteins and glycoproteins b. Antibodies: proteins produced by WBC that attackantigens on Foreign Cells • Many different antibodies that are specific to a particular antigen A BB B A A B Z Z Z Z Z Z

  26. 3. Human Blood Groups a. Red Blood cell surface has genetically determined proteins b. > 30 common RBC surface proteins that act as antigens • Some of these are significant because a person’s immune system recognizes them as antigens and vigorously attacks them • Transplantation • Blood Transfusions • ABO Blood Group • People are born with the antibodies • Rh Factor • People are not born with the antibodies, but rather develop them upon exposure to the Rh antigen

  27. Human Blood Groups …c. ABO Blood Groups • Based on the presence which two antigens = A & B • Type AB blood: A and B antigens present • Plasma Antibodies for ________ • Type A Blood: A antigen is present • Plasma Antibodies for ________ • Type B blood: B antigen is present • Plasma Antibodies for ________ • Type O blood: No antigens are present • Plasma Antibodies for ________ A B B A A A A B B B

  28. ABO Blood Groups … d. Transfusion issues • Emergency Situations– no time to blood type patient • Universal Donor: O because the blood cells have no ABO antigens on it • Universal Recipient: AB because patient’s immune system does not react to A and B antigens as it does not make A or B antibodies • Type B can receive B and O blood • Type A can receive A and O blood • Non-emergency Situations– have time to blood type • Match type of Blood due to cross-reaction of antibodies in the transfused blood

  29. ABO Blood Groups

  30. Human Blood Groups …b. Rh Blood Groups • Presence (+) or absence of the Rh (-) antigens (8 different types) • Most Americans: Rh+ = has antigen • Rh– people do NOT have the Rh antibodies to start off, but develop them upon exposure to the Rh antigen • PROBLEMS • Transfusions: Rh- given Rh+ blood • Problems in Pregnancy • Only in Rh– mothers

  31. Rh– Mothers of a Rh+ child… • If Child is Rh- There is no problem as baby does not have the Rh factor, like the mother • If Child is Rh+ • Normally mother-baby blood does not mix so there is no problem for first Rh+ baby born • But immune system is then sensitized to Rh antigen and Rh antibodies are produced by the mother • 2nd Rh+ baby, the mother’s Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and reach the Fetus and they attack the fetus’ blood = hemolytic disease of the new-born usually ends in the death of the new-born • RhoGAM shot can prevent anti-Rh+ buildup

  32. 4. Blood Typing • Blood type lab tested: by using artificial antibodies that react to antigens that are from the person being tested • ABO and Rh blood group antigens are tested • A Blood sample is mixed with artificial Antibodies: anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh serum • Agglutination (clumping of blood cells) indicates that the antigen is present in the person’s blood and indicates what there Blood Type is • Usually a person’s blood is Cross matching: both donors and recipients blood tested and the proper blood type is transfused when possible • Example: type A only given type A etc …

  33. Blood being tested Serum Anti-A Anti-B Type AB (contains antigens A and B; agglutinates with both A and B artificial antibodies) Agglutinated RBCs Type B (contains antigen B; agglutinates with anti-B serum) Type A (contains antigen A; agglutinates with anti-A serum) Type O (contains no antigens; does not agglutinate with either serum) Figure 10.8

  34. V. Developmental Aspects of Blood • Students do: *Sites of blood cell formation in fetus and new-born

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