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Reminder

Reminder. Tests and papers back tonight! Check website for Moody – Due 4/22 Final Exam study group – 5/6 530-645/7-815. HIST 202 - HESEN. DIPLOMACY AND WORLD WAR II. Prelude to War. WWI was the “war to end all wars” Treaty Versailles Killed German economy Aided in the rise of Hitler

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  1. Reminder • Tests and papers back tonight! • Check website for Moody – Due 4/22 • Final Exam study group – 5/6 530-645/7-815

  2. HIST 202 - HESEN DIPLOMACY AND WORLD WAR II

  3. Prelude to War • WWI was the “war to end all wars” • Treaty Versailles • Killed German economy • Aided in the rise of Hitler • U.S. stayed away and remained isolationists

  4. Hoover’s Foreign Policy • No foreign commitments • “Isolationism” • Great Depression was going on • The U.S. had its own problems to deal with!

  5. Japanese Aggression in Manchuria • Early 1930s • Japan posed greatest threat to world peace • Japanese invaded China in September 1931 • League of Nations did NOTHING • Showed the League was a failure at maintaining peace

  6. FDR and Foreign Policy • Concentration was on the home economy – New Deal • Believed in “Good Neighbor” policy • Recognized Soviet Union • Aligned with Latin American • Granted Philippines independence • Lowered tariffs 50%

  7. Events Abroad: Fascism and Militarism • Italy • Benito Mussolini (1922) • Il Duce – Black Shirts • Fascism – govt. is more important than people • Germany • Adolf Hitler (1933) • Nazi Party – radical fascism • Mein Kampf • Japan • Hideki Tojo

  8. American Isolationists • Americans were disillusioned from WWI • Nye Committee • Gerald Nye – Senator from ND • Reviewed records and policy from WWI • Determined that U.S. entered war to serve greedy bankers and industrialists

  9. Neutrality Acts • Congress adopted the Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937) • Spanish Civil War - Franco • Synopsis: U.S. would not sell weapons to belligerent or warring countries in Europe • America First Committee • Anti-war/Anti-conflict • 800,000 members

  10. Moving Towards War in Europe • 1935-1939 • Appeasement – let dictators do their thing – PACIFY THEM!!! • Ethiopia (1935) • Rhineland (1936) • China (1937) • Sudetenland (1938)

  11. Alliances • Allied Powers • Great Britain • France • Soviet Union • U.S. (eventually) • Axis Powers • Germany • Italy • Japan

  12. Neutrality to War, 1939-1941 • 1939 • Hitler invades Poland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia BLITZKRIEG – “LIGHTNING WAR” By 1940 – Britain is the only Allied Power left without German troops

  13. Changing U.S. Policy • “Cash and Carry” (1939) • British and French pay U.S. for arms • Carried arms away on their own ships • Kept U.S. “neutral” • Selective Service Act (1940) • Registration of all men 21-35 • Destroyers for Bases • Gave Brits older ships • U.S. may build bases on British controlled territories

  14. Election of 1940 FDR WILLKIE

  15. Arsenal of Democracy • Four Freedoms • Speech • Religion • Freedom from want • Freedom from fear • Lend-Lease Act • Brits and French are out of money • U.S. “lends” them weapons

  16. Arsenal of Democracy • Atlantic Charter • Agreement between U.S. and Brits • No territorial expansion • Free trade • Shoot on Sight • U.S. targeted German submarines

  17. Disputes With Japan • Japan joins the Axis powers in 1940 • FDR responds with an embargo on steel • Froze Japanese credit and U.S. oil sales to Japan • Japan calls it “an unfriendly act”

  18. Pearl Harbor • December 7, 1941 • Began at 0730 – lasted two hours • 2,400 American killed as a result • 1,200 wounded • 20 warships were lost • December 8, 1941 – U.S. declares war against Japan • U.S. gets involved in WWII

  19. War’s Impact • Propaganda • Office of War Information • Movies • Radio • Music • Newspapers • SACRFICE FOR YOUR COUNTRY!!!

  20. Reminders • Tests back tonight – 90% • Matsuda back on Monday! • April 25 – Moody DUE • May 9th – FINAL study group – 530 – ??? • May 16th – 7-9pm (Great Depression to ????)

  21. Industrial Production • War Production Board (1942) • Told companies what to produce • Huge output of metals, rubber, fuel • Paid companies for work PLUS % profits • By 1944 – Unemployment – 1%

  22. Industrial Production • Wages, prices, and rationing • Office of Price Administration (OPA) Controlled prices and wages • Rationing • Sugar • Meat • Fuel

  23. Industrial Production • Labor Unions • No strikes • Labor wages were frozen by OPA • Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (1943) • Govt can take over businesses threatened by strikes

  24. Industrial Production • Financing the War • Increased income tax • Sold war bonds • Supplemented increase in income taxes • $135 billion raised • Shortage of goods – helped Americans save $$$

  25. War’s Impact • African-Americans • 1.5 million left South for North • Race riots in 1943 • NAACP membership increased • CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) formed • “Double V” slogan • Victory overseas • Victory here for civil rights

  26. War’s Impact • Mexican Americans • Worked in the defense industry • 300,000 joined the military • Braceros • Zoot suit riots in Los Angeles

  27. War’s Impact • Japanese Americans • 20,000 served in military • Issei v. Nisei • 1942 • Roosevelt orders Japanese Americans into internment • Executive Order 9066 • 100,000 interned • Korematsu v U.S.(1944)

  28. War’s Impact • Women • 200,000 served in the military • All noncombat roles • 5 million entered the workplace • “Rosie the Riveter” • Paid less wages than men

  29. The Election of 1944

  30. World War II Battlefronts • Fighting Germany • Battle of the Atlantic (1942) • Objective: GET RID OF U-BOATS!!! • U.S. and Brits lost 500 ships • New technologies in radar and sonar helped in Allied win

  31. World War II Battlefronts • From North Africa to Italy • Operation Torch (1942) • U.S. – Dwight D. Eisenhower • Brits – Bernard Montgomery • Took North Africa from Germans • U.S. and Brits chased Germans through Italy

  32. World War II Battlefronts • D-Day ( June 6, 1944) • Operation Overlord • U.S. troops hit the beaches of Normandy • Gold, Juno, Sword, Utah, Omaha beaches • Airborne attacks • Pushed Germans back out of France • Battle of the Bulge (1944) • Germany’s last ditch effort

  33. German Surrender • Germans know they are beat after Battle of the Bulge • Hitler commits suicide on April 30, 1945 • May 7, 1945 – Germany surrenders to the Allies

  34. Fighting Japan • Mostly naval wars • Battle of Coral Sea (1942) • Battle of Midway (1942) • “Island Hopping” • Iwo Jima (1945) • 20,700 Japanese troops – only 200 survived • 6,000 U.S. Marines died

  35. Reminder • Moody – due 4/25 – 1-2 pages TOPS! • Matsuda back tonight! • May 9th – FINAL study group – 530 – ??? • May 16th – 7-9pm (Great Depression to ????)

  36. Conference at Yalta • February 1945 • Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin • Germany would be broken into zones • Free elections • United Nations would be formed

  37. Fallen Leader • FDR Dies! – April 12, 1945 • Harry Truman takes the helm • Potsdam (July 1945) • End the war with Japan • Nuremburg Trials

  38. Potsdam

  39. Fighting Japan • Battle for Okinawa • U.S. – lost 50,000 • Japanese fought to the death • No end of the war in sight • Manhattan Project • J. Robert Oppenheimer

  40. July 25, 1945 “ We have discovered the most terrible bomb in the history of the world. It may be the fire destruction prophesied in the Euphrates Valley Era, after Noah and his fabulous Ark. Anyway we "think" we have found the way to cause a disintegration of the atom. An experiment in the New Mexico desert was startling - to put it mildly. Thirteen pounds of the explosive caused the complete disintegration of a steel tower 60 feet high, created a crater 6 feet deep and 1,200 feet in diameter, knocked over a steel tower 1/2 mile away and knocked men down 10,000 yards away. The explosion was visible for more than 200 miles and audible for 40 miles and more. • This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th. I have told the Sec. of War, Mr. Stimson, to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children. Even if the Japs are savages, ruthless, merciless and fanatic, we as the leader of the world for the common welfare cannot drop that terrible bomb on the old capital or the new. • He and I are in accord. The target will be a purely military one and we will issue a warning statement asking the Japs to surrender and save lives. I'm sure they will not do that, but we will have given them the chance. It is certainly a good thing for the world that Hitler's crowd or Stalin's did not discover this atomic bomb. It seems to be the most terrible thing ever discovered, but it can be made the most useful...”

  41. Dropping the Bombs • August 6, 1945 – Hiroshima • August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki • Japanese surrender September 2, 1945

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