APUSH: A House Divided

1. APUSH: A House Divided Weber 217

2. Activator • Chapter 13 describes the events leading up to the Civil War, 1840-1860. Copy down the key terms below and see which ones you know something about and/or can define.

3. Agenda • Activator, agenda, and objective (10 minutes) • Mexican-American War class argument (20 minutes) • A House Divided 1840-1861 Lecture (45 minutes) • Sectionalism FRQ (30 minutes) • Reading and Research (30 minutes) • Exit ticket and homework (5 minutes)

4. Objective • AP Topic # 10: The Crisis of the Union • Pro- and antislavery arguments and conflicts • Compromise of 1850 and popular sovereignty • The Kansas–Nebraska Act and the emergence of the Republican Party • Abraham Lincoln, the election of 1860, and secession

5. Mexican American War • Friday we will debate whether the Mexican/American War was an act of US Imperialism. • To prepare, please stand and divide into two opposing lines facing each other. • Reading from the handout, shout your bullet point at the opposing side. • Opposing side, replies “OH Yeah?!” and then replies with their bullet point.

6. Review Questions • How were the values and platform of the Free Soil Party different from that of the abolitionists? • What was the significance of the Dred Scott decision in the developing sectional split? • What were the main factors driving continental expansion in the antebellum era? • How did the spirit of “manifest destiny” give new stridency to the ideas of racial superiority? • How did Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas convey their ideas of freedom during their famous debates?

7. What were the major thrusts of territorial expansion west in the 1840s? • Manifest destiny was the ideology behind expansion which said that God had granted the land to the Europeans and that it should stretch from Atlantic to Pacific ocean. • Slavery was a central issue as the US pushed westward and acquired new land (would the new states be slave or free states?) • Mormon and other religious movements west. • Organ Trail and other explorations of the frontier

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9. What were the thrusts of westward expansion? • The Mexican Frontier: New Mexico and California • Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821. • Northern frontier of Mexico was California, New Mexico and Texas. • California’s non-Indian population by 1821 were vastly outnumbered by Indians. • Califonrios vs. Indios.

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11. The Texas Revolt • The first part of Mexico to be settled by significant numbers of Americans was Texas. • Ex: Moses Austin. • Mexican government annulled existing land contracts and barred emigration from US. • Stephen Austin led call from American settlers demanding greater autonomy from Mexico. • General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna sent troops into Texas in 1835 to impose authoirty • Rebels formed a provisional gov. which then called for Texan independence • The Alamo • Sam Houston

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13. Road to Mexican War • Texas asked US to annex and make it part of US but Jackson and Van Buren did not act. • Texas annexation was linked to slavery and became an issue in the 1844 election. • Clay and Van Buren • James Polk, a slaveholder from Tenn. and friend of Jackson gets Democratic nomination • Polk supported Texas annexation • He also supported “reoccupation” of Oregon • Polk’s 4 goals: reduce the tarriff; reestablish independent treasury system; settle Oregon dispute; and bring California into the Union

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15. Mexican War and Its Critics • Majority of Americans supported the war. • There was a vocal minority who feared the only reason for war was to get land and expand slavery. • Henry David Thoreau wrote On Civil Disobedience • Abraham Lincoln questioned Polk’s right to declare war (over where blood had been shed)

16. Combat in Mexico • Combat took place on three fronts • California and the “bear flag republic” • General Stephen Kearney and Santa Fe • Winifred Scott and Central Mexico • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. • Grants land to U.S. for 20 million. • Mexico looses half her territory.

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18. Race and Manifest Destiny • Spirit of manifest destiny gave new spark to racist notions of supremecy. • Race in the 19th century was a shifting combination of skin color, national origin, culture, class, and religion. • Mexico had abolished slavery and declared persons of Spanish, Indian, and African origin equal before the law. • Texas constitution adopted after 1836 included protections for slavery and specifically denied civil rights to Indians and folks of African origin.

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20. Crisis of Union • The Wilmot Proviso: Congressman David Wilmot of Penn. Proposed a resolution prohibiting slavery in territory acquired from Mexico. • Free Soil Party formed by those opposed to slavery’s expansion (and championed the system of free labor) • Admitting new free states to the union would upset the balance between sections and make the South a permanent minority.

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22. Crisis and Compromise • 1848 was a year of revolution in Europe followed by counterrevolution. • The Compromise of 1850 was five bills which avoided conflict and civil war for 4 years until the Kansas-Nebraska Act. • Powerful leaders spoke for and against compromise: • Daniel Webster, John Calhoun, William Seward. • President Taylor died in office and Millard Fillmore secured the adoption of the compromise.

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24. Fugitive Slave Issue • Fugitive slave act allowed feds to determine fate of fugitives without jury trial or testimony of the accused. • In a series of dramatic confrontations, fugitives, aided by abolitionists violently resisted capture. • Law led thousands of free Black people in the North to flee to Canada

25. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 • Law repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and brought slavery back as main issue. • Popular Sovereignty was the idea that it should be left up to the states to decide. • Stephen Douglass got pop. Sovereignty into the bill. • When it became law it shattered the Democratic Party’s Unity. • Whigs collapse. • South becomes solidly Democratic • Republican Party emerges to prevent expansion of slavery.

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28. Free Labor Ideology • Republicans convinced northerners that the slave power posed threat to their liberty. • Republicans were not abolitionists, however, and their commitment was to “national freedom” meaning not abolition but ending the federal government’s support of slavery.

29. Bleeding Kansas and Election of 1856 • Bleeding Kansas seemed to discredit Douglas’ policy of leaving slavery up to the states. • Civil war within Kansas • Charles Sumner • Election of 1856 demonstrated that the parties had reoriented along sectional lines.

30. Dred Scott and Lincoln • Dred Scott sued for his freedom making supreme court address three issues: • Could a Black person be a citizen and therefore sue in court? • Did residence in a free state make Scott free? • Did Congress possess the power to prohibit slavery in a territory? • Decision was all bad: ruled that only white persons could be citizens and that Congress had no power to bar slavery from a territory. • Undermined Republican Party platform of restricting slavery’s expansion

31. Lincoln and Slavery • Republicans did not abandon their platform, rather they claimed that the courts were controlled by the slave power. • Douglas faced unexpectedly strong challenge from the Candidate from Illinois, Abraham Lincoln. • Although Lincoln was against slavery he was willing to compromise with the South to preserve the Union. • Lincoln's speeches combined moral fervor with respect for order and the Constitution typical of more conservative northerners. • Lincoln and Douglas enaged in a serious of famous debates.

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33. John Brown and Harpers Ferry • An armed assault on the abolitionist John Brown on the federal aresnal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, further heightened sectional tensions. • Placed on trial for treason to the state of Virginia and got executed. • His execution made him into a martyr in the North.

34. Rise of Southern Sectionalism • More and more southerners were speaking openly of southward expansion. • Osted Manifesto • William Walker and filibustering • By 1850s southern leaders were bending every effort to strengthen the bonds of slavery.

35. Democratic Split and Republican nomination • The Democratic was split with its nomination of Douglas in 1860 and the southern democrats nomination of John Breckinridge. • Republican Party nominated Lincoln over William Seward. • Lincoln’s Party platform: • Denied the validity of Dred Scott decision. • Opposition to slavery’s expansion • Added economic initiatives

36. The Election of 1860 • Most important thing was the breakdown of election returns in sections of the country. • Lincoln was elected as 16th president without a single vote from the ten southern states!

37. Impending Crisis • The Secession Movement • Rather than accept permanent minority status in a nation governed by their opponents, Deep South political leaders boldly struck for their region’s independence. • In the months that followed Lincoln’s election, seven states, stretching from South Carolina to Texas, seceded from the Union.

38. The Secession Crisis • President Buchanan denied that a state could secede, but also insisted that the federal government had no right to use force against it. • The Crittenden plan was rejected by Lincoln. • The Confederate States of America was formed on March 4, 1861. • Jefferson Davis was president.

39. And the war came… • In time, Lincoln believed, secession might collapse from within. • Lincoln also issues a veiled warning: “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war.” • After the South’s firing on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to suppress the insurrection.

40. Sectionalism DBQ • To what extent and in what ways were the actions of the federal government responsible for the increasing of social and political tensions between North and South prior to the Civil War? • Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1820-1861 in constructing your response.

41. Doc’s • Doc. A: Diary of John Quincy Adams • Doc. B: South Carlolina Nullification • Doc. C: John C. Calhoun’s Speech to Congress • Doc. D: William Seward’s Speech • Doc. E: Fugitive Slave Law • Doc. F: Letter to Reps • Doc. G: Lincoln-Davis • Doc. H: Railroad Growth • Doc. I: Crittenden Compromise • Doc. J: Secession Exploded

42. Mexican American War DBQ • How the mexican american war shoed the americans wanted to expand westward.

43. Chapter 13 Norton Media Library Give Me Liberty! An American History Second EditionVolume 1 by Eric Foner

44. I. Westward migration A. Oregon B. Utah (Mormons) C. Mexican frontier

45. II. Roots of Mexican War A. Pre-American settlers 1. Mexican independence from Spain 2. Mexicans and Indians 3. California’s commercial links to the United States

46. II. Roots of Mexican War (cont’d) B. From arrival of U.S. settlers to Texas revolt 1. Initial emigration to Texas 2. Mexican efforts to check American presence 3. Texas revolt a. Demand by U.S. settlers and “Tejano” allies for greater autonomy b. Clamp-down by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna c. Declaration of Independence d. Battle of the Alamo; “Remember the Alamo” e. Defeat of Santa Anna by Sam Houston at San Jacinto

47. II. Roots of Mexican War (cont’d) B. From arrival of U.S. settlers to Texas revolt 4. Republic of Texas a. Establishment b. Election of Houston as first president c. Early quest for U.S. annexation; opposition by President Jackson d. Swelling of American emigration

48. II. Roots of Mexican War (cont’d) C. 1844 election 1. Revival of annexation issue a. Texas i. Relation to slavery question ii. Support from John Tyler, James K. Polk iii. Opposition from Henry Clay, Martin Van Buren b. Oregon; “Fifty-four forty or fight” 2. Democrat Polk vs. Whig Clay 3. Election of Polk D. Annexations under Polk 1. Texas 2. Oregon up to forty-ninth parallel 3. Pursuit of California

49. III. Mexican War A. Immediate causes 1. Impasse over California 2. Texas-Mexico border dispute 3. Polk declaration of war on Mexico B. Response among Americans 1. Broad support a. Spirit of Manifest Destiny b. America as bearer of liberty 2. Themes of dissent a. War will promote expansion of slavery b. War undermines democratic values c. Thoreau and principle of civil disobedience d. Lincoln’s opposition to president’s war-making power

50. III. Mexican War (cont’d) C. Course of war 1. California a. American rebels’ declaration of independence from Mexico b. Announcement of Bear Flag Republic under John C. Frémont c. Arrival of U.S. Navy, superseding Bear Flag Republic 2. Santa Fe a. Occupation by U.S. troops under Stephen W. Kearney b. Subsequent suppression by Kearney of Mexican resistance in southern California 3. Mexico a. Defeat of Santa Anna by Zachary Taylor at Battle of Buena Vista b. Occupation of Mexico City by Winfield Scott