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Critical review on qualitative research paper.

Critical review on qualitative research paper. Presented by: Sarah Hart 0604985 Roberto Massari 0609274 Christian Vaughan-Spruce 0602457 Jaya Woodun 0626310. Learning Outcomes.

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Critical review on qualitative research paper.

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  1. Critical review on qualitative research paper. Presented by: Sarah Hart 0604985 Roberto Massari 0609274 Christian Vaughan-Spruce 0602457 Jaya Woodun 0626310

  2. Learning Outcomes A critical review of the methodology analysing the advantages and disadvantages of semi-structure interview. Analysis of results, limitations of the study and our recommendations for further research. Clinical implications for physiotherapists and podiatrist.

  3. Qualitative analysis of stroke patients’ motivation for rehabilitation. Maclean, N. Pound, P. Wolfe., C. Rudd, A. BMJ 2000;321;1051-1054 • Qualitative research • semi-structured interviews. • explore the attitudes and beliefs in stroke patients. • either high or low motivation for rehabilitation. • Participants • 22 patients six weeks after stroke. • undergoing rehabilitation; fourteen with high motivation, and eight with low motivation. • Correlation found between practitioners approach and interaction with patients, and the outcome in rehabilitation.

  4. Positive aspects Clear background and reasons given to research. Semi-structured interview gives patient control over conversation. Interviews analysed for bias Good organisation of data, themes coded. Negative aspects Criteria to determine choice of patients Sample size Inclusion/exclusion criteria Reliability of Semi-structure interview Interviewer previous knowledge of patient motivation. How would this affect the interviewer? Methodology

  5. Positive aspectsMethodology • Qualitative approach is appropriate • Clear objectives stated for research • Details of similar previous studies given and their weaknesses noted • Suitable patients chosen for study using ‘extreme case’ sampling

  6. Positive aspectsInterviewing techniques • Semi-structured interviews allow patients control and allow them to explain things in their own terms. ‘preferable for complex and sensitive issues’ Neutens and Robinson (2002) • Interviews all conducted at the same time by the same interviewer. • Interviews carried out over nine months until no new ‘themes’ emerged. • All interviews transcribed and recorded. • Interviews analysed for bias by second member of team.

  7. Positive aspectsAnalysis of data • Organisation of data - emerging themes are coded and compared across interviews. • “The researcher must find a systematic way of analysing data, e.g. by drawing up a list of coded categories” (Greenhalgh,1997). • Care is taken not to distort patient’s meaning and examples given about how this is done. • Quotes included from patients are all traceable to individuals. • ‘Mixed messages’ included - “Deviant case analysis can help refine analysis until it can explain all cases under scrutiny.”Mays and Pope, (2000).

  8. Negative aspectsMethodology for sampling • Sampling (extreme case sampling) The level of motivation of patients decided subjectively by 12 professionals. • Exclusion criteria Possible consequences of having a large group excluded. • A research by Kauhanen shows that Post stroke depression (PSD) affects between 20-65% of post stroke patients. M.Kauhanen (1999) • Sample size • Small sample. • Uneven sample. • Interviewer awareness of motivation of patient prior interview. Polgare & Thomas(2000)

  9. Negative aspectsSemi-structured interview • Skills of the interviewer The outcome dependant largely on the skill of the interviewer. Britten (1995) • Time consuming /expensive Length of time needed may be difficult to control, possibly leading to higher costs. • Reliability The nature of the method makes it virtually impossible to reproduce the interview in exactly the same way, therefore it can be considered unreliable. • Difficult to analyse Determining the relevance of the answers provided can be difficult. Neutens and Rubinson (2002)

  10. Analysis of Table

  11. Analysis of results • Information being conveyed twice. • An overall lack of communication between patient and members of staff . • Misconception of the term ‘Motivation’ and everything is based on clinical judgment. • No follow-up.

  12. Review of results • Results must be independently and objectively verifiable. Greenhalgh (1997). • According to Greenhalgh (1997), exposure to a lack of validity raises questions over accuracy and findings. • Physiotherapy (CSP 2005) and Podiatry (SOCAP 2005) communicate effectively with other health professionals and relevant outside agencies to provide an effective and efficient service to the patient. • More research should be undertaken: to define motivation and enhance clinical judgment and eventually get a better outcome.

  13. Investigating an under researched topic. The authors felt that a broad range of viewpoints had been covered due to age, sex and ethnicity in the sample. Whilst reviewing the paper we felt that there wasn’t a fair representation of all demographics as only 22 patients were interviewed. Figures on the stroke.org website report (which commissioned the report) 110,000-135,000 people each year are diagnosed each year with a stroke. Advantages of the study

  14. Limitations of the study • Small sample. • Ignore clients with depression. • How to judge a patient motivated or unmotivated.

  15. Clinicians should direct patients to websites that are either government run or charity based. The entire MDT must work on their communication not only with each other but the patient as well. The clinician must involve the patient in goal setting. This counteracts the sense of helplessness that may give rise to depression (French 2005) The authors recommendations are availability of literature to patient and families. Asks that nursing staff do not send “mixed messages” to patients regarding rehabilitation. The clinician must be aware not to place all the responsibility solely on the client during rehabilitation Clinical implications

  16. Further Research • Several studies after this one cited this paper in their research the authors themselves two years after this study investigated the role of the clinician in motivation. • From this our recommendations are:- • To use a bigger sample size. • Include patients with depression. • Follow-up after initial interview. • Need to define what “high” and “low” motivation is.

  17. Conclusions • Client and practitioner relationship. • Improve communication with the patient and within the MDT. • Goal setting - should be as functional as possible.

  18. References • Britten,N. Qualitative research: qualitative interviews in medical research. BMJ:311,251-253 • Grbich, C. (1999) Research in Health an introduction London. Sage Publications Ltd • www.csp.org.uk accessed 14/04/2007 • Greenhalgh, T. 1997 How to read a paper: papers that go beyond numbers (qualitative research) BMJ,1997:315,740-743 • Greenhalgh,T. 1997 Assessing the methodological quality of published papers. BMJ:315,305-308 • French, S., Physiotherapy a psychosocial approach, 3rd Ed., Elsevier., London • Kauhanen, M.L. 1999 Quality of life after stroke (dissertation) Oulu Avalable at :(URL:htt://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn95142554279)

  19. References • Maclean,N. and Pound, P. 2000 A critical review of the concept of patient motivation in the literature on physical rehabilitation Social science and medicine, 50;495-506 • Mays,N. and Pope,C. 2000 Qualitative research in healthcare. BMJ:320,50-52 • Neutens,J.J. and Rubinson.L. 2002, Research techniques for health sciences, 3rd ed., Benjamin Cummings. San Francisco. • Polgrave.S. and Thomas. S. A. 2000, Introduction to Research in the Health Sciences. Churchill Livingstone. London • Trochim,W.M.K. 2006 Research methods knowledge base available at http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/index.php accessed 26/10.07

  20. References • http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:lVeJj2kHjs0J:www.sociology.org.uk/methfi.pdf+semi+structured+interviews&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=uk accessed 25/10/07 • http://www.stroke.org.uk/information/index.html accessed 25/10/07 • www.sociology.org.uk/methfi.pdf accessed 19/10/07 • www.usc.edu/hsc/ebnet/res/Guidelines.pdf accessed 19/10/07 • http://www.bmj.com/archive/7109/7109ed2.htm accessed 19/10/07 • http://www.podreg.health.nsw.gov.au/hprb/pod_web/pdf/copcdec2005.pdf accessed 5/11/2007

  21. Thank you for listening Any Questions?

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