The Events of The French Revolution

1. The Events of The French Revolution

2. Financial Situation Debt from Wars Debt from King’s extravagance Interest payments ½ tax revenue Tax structure problems Change necessary soon

3. Estates General called Last called in 1614 Legislative body in an Absolute Monarchy Meeting at Versailles’ palace Each Estate gets one vote May 5th, 1789

4. Double the Third Third Estate won’t cooperate; knows result Meets in Tennis Court King offers two votes to Third Estate Third rejects King’s offer King closes the Estates General to the 3rd Estate June 17th, 1789

5. National Assembly June 20th, 1789 Three Estates meet Form National Assembly All Three Estates represented Question format of Assembly

6. Tennis Court Oath National Assembly vows to make change Vow taken in Tennis Court Will not disband until Constitution is created

7. Bastille King’s Prison in downtown Paris Symbol of King’s power and control Crowds of 3rd Estate members attack Free prisoners and gain weapons

8. Great Fear Rumors of violence against peasants Untrue Rumors Violence causedagainst Manor houses

9. Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen Inspired by the Declaration of Independence from America Incorporated Enlightenment ideas from Rousseau, Locke and Montesquieu Guaranteed Natural Rights: press, speech and religion Ensured the equality of all citizens before the Law National Assembly composed it in August 1789 Gives the King less power King refused to sign the document

10. Women March on Versailles Who: Thousands of Women When: October 1789 Why: The people wanted the king to come to Paris to show his support for the National Assembly Where: Women march from Paris to Versailles What: Thousands of women The cost of bread had risen and many were hungry

11. Civil Constitution of the Clergy • 1790 French Church under the control of the Government Clergy became paid state officials Created a disagreement between the Church and the Revolution as the Pope refused to accept it. Took all Church land and sold it to the highest bidder Created two churches: one loyal to the State of France and the other loyal to the Pope

12. New Government Unicameral Legislature: one house assembly Divided between Royalists and Radicals The Constitution kept the Monarchy but limited Royal Powers The right to vote was limited to males who paid a minimum tax Constitution guaranteed basic rights and limited monarchy controlled by a middle class

13. Emigres Nobles who fled France Helped to restore Louis XVI to power Tried to convince the leaders of foreign powers that their government would be negatively affected by the French Revolution unless it was stopped.

14. September Massacres Paris mobs created and started it Month of September many French People were killed Priests accused of crimes and Nobles imprisoned were murdered When this was going on, people took over the National Assembly and attempted to create a new Constitution Because of this all males were given the right to vote

15. Section Three:The Dawn of a new era

16. Battle at Valmy Between Austria, Prussia and Silesia vs. French Revolutionaries Sept, 1792 The French wanted to protect the French Revolution against attacks from powerful monarchies The French faced poor conditions Boosted the French Confidence and Spirits- Viva La France!

17. National Convention and the New Calendar Met from 1792 to 1795 Group of all men from the Middle Class Wrote France’s 1st Democratic Constitution Allowed all men to vote- no tax to vote, no land to vote, no education to vote Beginning 9.22.1792- Day One of Year One Created the French Republic Rename the months, redefine the borders of France: Natural Rights have taken over

18. Trial and Execution of the King November 1792- Royal Letters foundused as evidence in his trial. Other monarchs/wants their help/doesn’t trust the Revolution Trial December 1792/ Convicted January 1793- King convicted of conspiring against the liberty of the Nation and beheaded by the Guillotine Crowds celebrate

19. Committee of Public Safety 1793- Committee forms to direct the war effort Adopted Conscription drafting all men between 18-45 for the army (2 million) World’s first people’s war: a war of, by and for the people as opposed to King. Leader of the Jacobins is Maximilien Robespierre. Jacobins are extreme radicals

20. Reign of Terror Jacobins were overwhelmed by enemies Set out to crush all opposition in France Lasted from July 1793 to July 1794 Neighborhood watch committees turned over suspected traitors to the court Court gave harsh sentences/swift trials 40,000 were executed in this year. Marie Antoinette was part of this number

21. Constitution of 1795 Executive Council of 5 directors Bicameral legislature Citizens which property were allowed to vote Not successful: created debt

22. The Directory Corrupt Leadership: country takes power and takes power for itself not for the people After the National Convention the Directory was created Did nothing about the division between poor and rich In effect from 1795 to 1799 Once in power the Directory faced many enemies: Lost support to the army

23. Section Four: Napoleon’s Empire

24. Overthrow of the Directory Napoleon set up a dictatorship in eliminating the Directory Napoleon proclaimed a new Constitution in 1799 Used the Army and other leaders to overthrow the Directory

25. Consulate Executive Council of 3 Consuls Napoleon is First Consul, concentrating power in his own hands Napoleon replaced elected officials with men he appointed himself. Tried to restructure the Government

26. Crowns Himself Emperor 1804 After naming himself as emperor, he set out on the road to fight the battles to the east of Paris Places the crown on his own head instead of letting the Pope place it, showing that he is more important

27. Napoleonic Code Based on Enlightenment Ideals: equality of all citizens, religious toleration and advancement based on merit Places the state above the individual Clear and consistent Eliminated some of the rights of women that they had gained during the Revolution. Limited Free speech and press; limited books, pamphlets

28. Concordat of 1801 Disagreement between the France and the Church Stated that Catholicism was the religion of most but that all would be tolerated.

29. Battle of Trafalgar Great Britain was one of France’s enemies Napoleon was trying to invade Great Britain Battle off the coast of Spain October 1805 British defeat the French Navy This French loss make the Continental System more necessary

30. Continental System A plan to ruin Great Britain’s economy Napoleon ordered all European nations he had conquered to stop trading with Great Britain Made it difficult for those countries.

31. Attack on Russia Alexander I withdrew from the Continental System and resumed trade with Great Britain Napoleon was mad and 600,000 French soldiers marching to Moscow in May of 1812 400,000 soldiers died from starvation and battle wounds Winter caused problems as did starvation. The Russians decided to do a “scorched earth policy” in which they burned everything the French might use.

32. 100 Days When Napoleon returns from Moscow he is exiled (thrown out of the country) to a small island off the coast of Italy. He is replaced by Louis XVIII This is in March 1814 He returns to France in March 1815 And leads the country as Emperor for 100 days.

33. Battle of Nations @ Waterloo, Belgium After being back for 100 days, Napoleon leads the French army against a combined force of Great Britain, the Netherlands and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo. The result: the French get defeated June 1815

34. St. Helena Napoleon was placed under house arrestand sent to St Helena which is located in the middle of the South Atlantic He dies on St. Helena in 1821

35. Section Five: Peace in Europe

36. Congress of ViennaClemens Von Metternich Led by Prince Klemens Von Metternich Believed that European stability could be restored if Europe was returned to the way it was before the French Revolution September 1814 to June 1815 Vienna, Austria

37. RestorationReparationBalance of Power Restoration: Europe should be restored to the way it was before the French Revolution Reparations: Repayment by the French to those who she fought against Balance of Power: No country should be allowed to dominate Europe Ideas which dominate the Congress of Vienna

38. Buffer States Neutral territories around France They are designed to safeguard other dynasties from France’s grasp They include Netherlands, Switzerland, 39 independent German states (German Confederation)

39. Reactionaries vs. Liberalism Reactionaries: People who opposed change and who wanted to return things to the way they were before the French Revolution. They were the Nobles Liberalism: The people who accepted the ideas of the Enlightement and who accepted the democratic reforms of the French Revolution These were the 3rd Estate/ Bourgeoisie.

40. Alliances Alliances are the promise of one country to help another in the alliance Alliances were called Quadruple Alliance: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia Concluded the alliance in 1815 France was admitted three years later Alliances were in place to prevent democratic revolution

41. Metternich System The Meetings of the Alliances were called the Concert of Europe and helped European countries avoid conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars Metternich achieved his political goals in opposing Liberalism and Nationalism as well as defending the Absolute Monarchies of Europe

42. Nationalism The idea of the people controlling their countries and not the Kings was not eliminated by the Metternich System In Germany, students rose up against the government In Spain, the Absolute Monarch was forced to accept a constitution In Greece the people won their independence from Turkey in 1829 The ideas of the French Revolution lived on!