Global Review

1. Global Review Key ideas, themes, events, people

2. Archipelago Japan, a chain of islands Irregular Coastline Rigid, harbors, Great Britain Regular Coastline Steppe - Africa Desert Gobi, Sahara Strait A narrow water passage Geography - Terms

3. World Map

4. Traditional Economy • Hunting and gathering • Subsistence agriculture • Barter system

5. Paleolithic Era Nomads Move from place to place Hunters and gatherers Spiritual Beliefs Pre-History – the time before people invented writing

6. Neolithic Revolution • New ways of farming • Stay in one place, no more nomads • No more hunting and gathering • Established villages • More reliable food supplies

7. Regents Question • Letting some farmland remain unplanted as a means of increasing food production is most closely associated with (1) modern irrigation methods (2) the three-field system (3) the enclosure movement (4) slash-and-burn agriculture

8. Rise of Civilization • Cities • Central Governments • Traditional economy • Social Classes • System of Writing • Organized Religion • Specialized jobs

9. Primary Sources First-hand account Diaries Journals Autobiography Secondary Sources Encyclopedia Book A friend of a friend told me … Types of Sources

10. River Valley Civilization • Four: Nile, Tigris & Euphrates, Yellow (Huang He), Indus • Why Settle Here? • Fertile soil • Irrigation • Flooding • Transportation

11. India Cities – Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Indus River Farmers Monsoons Good for watering crops Bad when they flooded River Valleys Fertile Crescent • Mesopotamia • Tigris and Euphrates • Great soil • Sumerians, Assyrians • Cuneiform – cone writing

12. Ancient China • Yellow River (loess made it yellow, also called River of Sorrows) • Dynasties, Mandate of Heaven • Silk Road: trade route to Middle East • Ethnocentric/Middle Kingdom • Geographically China was surrounded by barriers (Himalayas, coastline, desert) • Thought they were the center of the world

13. Egypt • Nile River • Pyramids • Pharaohs • Mummies • Hieroglyphics • Polytheistic – many gods • Social Classes

14. Greece • City States • Formed due to geography • Athens (democracy, Pericles) and Sparta (military, physical fitness) • Polytheistic • Olympics, Homer, direct democracy, Pericles • Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Civilization

15. Rome • Law of 12 Tables – legal • Roads and trade networks • Architecture (pillars, stone, grandious) • Julius Caesar • Plebians vs Patricians

16. Codes of Law/Rules of Behavior • Law of 12 Tables • Justinian Code • Hammurabi’s Code • 10 Commandments • ** Introduce legal system** • **Provide rules of conduct**

17. Monotheistic Religion • Islam – Koran, 5 pillars, Mecca, Muhammad is the prophet, Allah is the God • Christianity – 10 commandments, God, the Bible • Judaism – the Torah • *** All believe in one God and teach an ethical code of conduct***

18. Other Belief Systems • Shintoism – Japan • Daoism/Taoism - China • Animism – Africa **Relate to nature, harmony with nature**

19. Hinduism • India, South Asia • Ahimsa – non-violence • Dharma, karma, reincarnation • Caste System – born into your class; untouchables at bottom, brahmins are at the top • Gandhi was a Hindu, practiced non-violence

20. Confucianism • Confucius • The Analects • Filial piety – respect for your elders • Five Relationships • Father to son, Husband to wife, Ruler to subject, friend to friend, older brother to younger brother **Provide order in your life**

21. Buddhism • Siddartha Guatama: Buddha “The Enlightened One” • Four Noble Truths (life is full of suffering, caused by desire, eliminate desire, follow the eightfold path) • People should follow the Eightfold path to overcome desires

22. Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo • Both recorded their travels throughout the world • Historical records are used as primary sources • Sometimes they throw in Mansa Musa (from Mali in Africa) and Zheng He from China as a traveler

23. Golden Ages • Tang Dynasty from China • Guptas (Maurya) from India • Mali empire from Africa • Islamic – math and science

24. Byzantine Empire • Had the greatest influence on early Russian history • Cyrillic alphabet • Preservation of Greek and Roman culture • Justinian – code of laws

25. Mongols • Genghis Khan • Barbaric, tough • Superior military skills • “Don’t Mess With the Mongols” • Areas conquered India (Mughul), China (Yuan Dynasty)

26. Medievel Europe/Middle Ages • Roman empire collapses • Charlemagne – Franks, light in the dark ages • Strict social structure (Kings, Lords, Knights, Peasants) • Feudalism • Chivalry • Manorialism – an economic system structured around a lord’s manor • Roman Catholic Church becomes the stabilizing force in Europe

27. Crusades • Holy Wars between Muslims and Christians • Popes become more powerful • Feudal kings become more powerful • Increased trade between the Middle East and Europe, European economy expands • Sought to recover holy land – Palestine • Does this still go on today????

28. Regents Question . . . For many in the contemporary Arab world, the Crusades are viewed as having begun nearly a millennium of conflict with what would become the West. The Crusades are seen as representing the constant threat of Western encroachment [trespassing]. But many scholars say that is a more recent and inaccurate view of the Crusades. . . .— Mike Shuster, reporter, NPR The Medieval Crusades were taken and then turned into something that they never really were in the first place. They were turned into a kind of a proto-imperialism, an attempt to bring the fruits of European civilization to the Middle East, when, in fact, during the Middle Ages the great sophisticated and wealthy power was the Muslim world. Europe was the Third World. . . . — Thomas Madden, St. Louis University, History of relations between the West and Middle East, NPR, All Things Considered, August 17, 2004 These statements indicate that the history of the Crusades (1) has been neglected by experts (2) was of little importance (3) is the subject of debate and interpretation (4) illustrates the importance of tolerance and understanding

29. Commercial Revolution • Introduction of banking • Letters of credit • Insurance • Joint stock companies • Guilds • Trading towns develop along waterway

30. Regents Question • Which revolution led to the concept of banking, the creation of guilds, and the development of capitalism in Europe? (1) Commercial (3) Scientific (2) Agricultural (4) Industrial

31. Renaissance • Began in Florence, Italy; wealth and support was here • New ways of thinking, intellectual, creativity • A “rebirth” or “revival” • Questioning the old ways • Michelangelo, Leonardo daVinci, Shakespeare • Individualism, humanism • Machiavelli “The Prince” – the end justifies the means

32. Protestant Reformation • Protesting indulgences, and acts of the Catholic Church • Luther and 95 Thesis • Calvin and predestination • Henry VIII – signed the Act of Supremacy and created the Church of England

33. Scientific Revolution • Heliocentric Model (sun is center) • Descartes • Question the old ways • Gutenberg – printing press, printed the Bible, ideas spread and literacy increased • Galileo – trial with the church

34. Rise of Monarchs/Nation-States • England and France • Kings increase their power • Common law • Magna Carta – put limits on King’s power • Parliament • Divine Right

35. African Kingdoms • Savanna – grassy plain • Desert – Sahara • Traditional Society • Ghana – gold and salt trade • Mali – Mansa Musa, converted to Muslim • Songhai

36. Age of Exploration • Portugal and Spain look for new routes for exploration • Reconquista – Christians recapture Spain from the Muslims • Columbus • Conquistadors – Spanish conquerors

37. Regents Question The encomienda system in colonial Latin America led to the (1) use of forced labor (2) establishment of trade unions (3) increase in landownership by Native Americans (4) weakening of the power of peninsulares

38. Triangular Trade • Middle Passage • Slave Trade • Europe to Africa to America • Columbian Exchange – exchange of people, plants, and crops • Mercantilism – economic system where you export more than you import

40. Absolutism-Russian Rulers • Peter the Great – westernize Russia, studied in Europe, create a window to the west (St. Petersburg) • Catherine the Great – continue to westernize Russia, search for a warm water port for trade

41. Absolutism - England • Stuart Monarchs – James I • Puritan Revolution • Glorious Revolution

42. Enlightenment Era • Focus of rights of men • Equality • Natural Law • Hobbes, Montesquie, Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire • New philosophies

43. French Revolution • Causes • Kings controlled people’s basic rights • Three Estates – Social inequalities • Economic injustices • Enlightenment • English and American Revolution

44. French Revolution - Stages • National Assembly • Storming the Bastille • Reign of Terror (Robespierre) • Napoleon • Napoleonic Code • Coup d’etat

45. French Revolution • Effects • Ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity • Ideas of Nationalism • Will influence further revolution

46. Congress of Vienna • Maintain a balance of power in Europe • Go back to the way things were • To prevent France from going to war again

47. Other Nationalist Movements • Greece • Poland • Belgium • Latin America • Unification of Germany and Italy

48. Germany Otto von Bismarck Loyalty to Prussian contact “Blood and Iron” Italy Cavour Mazzini Garibaldi Unification of Germany and Italy

49. Industrial Revolution • Causes • Britain had an abundance of natural resources • Growth in population • Money for investment • Improved technology • Agrarian revolution

50. Regents Question • Increased agricultural production in England in the late 1700s contributed directly to (1) the development of a worldwide communications network (2) the introduction of manorialism (3) a decrease in the power of the monarch (4) an increase in life expectancy