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Introduction to Cartography

Maps versus Globes. Map: a representation of the world or part of it, in two dimensionsGlobe: a 3-D representation of the entire earth surface.What are some advantages and disadvantages of each?. Introduction to Cartography. Maps vs. GlobesGeneral Types of MapsStandard Map FeaturesMap Project

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Introduction to Cartography

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    1. Introduction to Cartography Maps vs. Globes General Types of Maps Standard Map Features Map Projections GIS GPS Remote Sensing Representation in Maps or “How to Lie with Maps”

    2. Maps versus Globes Map: a representation of the world or part of it, in two dimensions Globe: a 3-D representation of the entire earth surface. What are some advantages and disadvantages of each?

    3. Introduction to Cartography Maps vs. Globes General Types of Maps Standard Map Features Map Projections Representation in Maps or “How to Lie with Maps”

    4. General Types of Maps Thematic These maps represent the spatial dimensions of particular phenomenon (themes).

    5. Thematic Maps These maps represent the spatial dimensions of a particular phenomenon (theme). Types: Isopleth maps - isolines connect points of equal magnitude. Choropleth map - tonal shadings are graduated to represent areal variations in number or density within a region, usually a formal region.

    6. Choropleth Maps

    7. Isopleth Maps

    8. Isopleth Maps

    9. Map Projections Mathematical method for systematically transforming a 3-D earth into a 2-D map. Three traditional types: cyllindrical conical planar (azimuthal-zenithal) Newer Mathematical Projections Robinson

    10. Cartographer’s Dilemma All maps introduce distortion: shape (conformance) size (equivalence) direction distance Maps can be either equivalent or conformal, but cannot emphasize both characteristics.

    17. Introduction to Cartography Maps vs. Globes General Types of Maps Standard Map Features Map Projections Representation in Maps or “How to Lie with Maps”

    18. Map Scale relates distance on map to distance on earth, thus smaller scale represents larger area. Small Scale shows large area 1:10,000,000 would represent about 1/2 of U.S. on single page of paper. Large Scale shows small area 1:63,360 would represent a small town on a single page of paper.

    21. Orientation or Direction North arrow or Compass Rose European maps of the dark ages, prior to European acceptance (1500’s) of the magnetic compass, were ‘oriented to the east.’ After compass it made more sense to place north at the top during use.

    23. The Mercator Projection, 1569

    25. What is GIS? Stands for "geographic information systems" Definition: a system for the input, storage, manipulation, and output of geographic data a specialized "information system” information systems are used to work with (manipulate, summarize, query, edit, visualize) information stored in computer databases utilizes spatial indexing of information to track what is where on the Earth's surface

    26. Elements of a Geographic Information System (GIS) Database with spatially-coded data (latitude/longitude) Computer GIS Application Software (ArcView, ArcInfo, MapInfo) Video Map Display Scanners Digitizer Plotter/Printer

    28. Functions of a Geographic Information System Site selection Find density within an area Catalogue and track spatial data Land use maps, for example Network Functions Street grid navigation Municipal water supplies, sewers Hydrology (rivers, streams, lakes) Consumer Tracking and Marketing

    29. Natural Resource GIS

    30. High Quality Map Display

    31. Examples of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Google Earth Zillow.com National Atlas of the United States

    35. GPS and GIS are increasingly integrated.

    37. Remote Sensing Digital Remote Sensing Multispectral Sensors visible, radar, infrared, ultraviolet Digital Image Manipulation Direct download into GIS systems

    38. Interpreting Aerial Photos and Remotely-Sensed Images Image Tone/Color/Reflectivity – colors and reflected UV and Infrared give clues to landscape elements. For example, infrared film (or sensors) return shades of pink and red for healthy vegetation. Texture – the coarseness or smoothness of a surface can help in identification Pattern – human systems and some physical systems have clear patterns Shadows – provides clues to the height and size of objects

    39. Landscape change over time

    41. How to Lie with Maps Misrepresentation - Propaganda Maps Selection or Omission of Map Features Scale Orientation The Authoritative Power of Maps

    42. Propaganda Maps

    43. Propaganda Maps

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