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Andrea Love, AIA, LEED A.P. Libby Hsu, MEng

Life Cycle Assessment of Commercial Buildings. Andrea Love, AIA, LEED A.P. Libby Hsu, MEng. Industry Day – August 31, 2010. Presentation Outline. Motivation Approach & Methodology Results Going Forward. Industry Day – August 31, 2010.

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Andrea Love, AIA, LEED A.P. Libby Hsu, MEng

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  1. Life Cycle Assessment of Commercial Buildings Andrea Love, AIA, LEED A.P. Libby Hsu, MEng Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  2. Presentation Outline • Motivation • Approach & Methodology • Results • Going Forward Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  3. Office Building in Amsterdam, Claus en KaanArchitecten MOTIVATION Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  4. Why Commercial Buildings? Sources: U.S. Census Bureau News, June 2010 Construction at $836.0 Billion Annual Rate, 2010 & Environmental Information Agency, EIA Annual Energy Outlook, 2008 • 1/3 of current construction private, non-residential • 10% are office buildings • Over $500 billion annually spent on office building construction in 2009 & 2010 • Buildings are #1 CO2 Emission Sector: 40% Primary Energy Usage 72%Electricity Consumption 39% CO2 Emissions Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  5. Why Commercial Buildings? http://blog.lessonpathways.com • Financial Benefits • 9% decrease in operating costs • 8% building value increase • 7% improvement on ROI • 4% increase in occupancy ratio • 3% increase in rental rates Source: McGraw-Hill Construction, Key Trends in the European and U.S. Construction Market Place SmartMarket Report, 2008 & 2007 Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  6. Goals Yellow Building in London, Allford Hall Monaghan Morris What reductions can be made in the carbon emissions of a concrete structure commercial building office building over the life cycle of the building? What role does thermal mass play for commercial buildings? Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  7. Goals More specifically first looking at . . . A concrete structure versus a steel structure Identical exterior envelope and other building features Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  8. APPROACH & METHODOLOGY • dfgs Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  9. Previous Studies 1. “Modeling Energy Performance of Concrete Buildings for LEED-NC Version 2.2: Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1” by M. Marceau & M. VanGeem; “Thermal Mass” by The Concrete Centre “Concrete for energy-efficient buildings: The benefits of thermal mass” by European Concrete Platform “Framing Systems and Thermal Mass” by M. Gorgolewski 2. “Comparison of Environmental Effects of Steel- and Concrete-Framed Buildings” by A. Guggemos and A. Horvath “A comparative LCA of Steel and Concrete Framed Office Buildings” by K. Eaton and A. Amato • Operational energy savings from: • 5% energy increase to 30% energy savings1 • Don’t look at embodied energy • LCA Studies • Inaccurate or excluded operational energy • Not U.S. data Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  10. Life Cycle Assessment LCA Industry Day – August 31, 2010 http://www.isover.com

  11. Life Cycle Assessment • We consider: • Embodied energy of material • Operational energy of building • Material maintenance • Building demolition • Phoenix, AZ & Chicago, IL • 75 year life Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  12. Life Cycle Assessment • Included: • All operational energy • All core and shell building materials • Excluded: • HVAC & building equipment • Tenant space materials & furniture Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  13. Software: GaBi Models are created in terms of mass and energy units Results are shown in terms of energy usage and Global Warming Potential (lb CO2e) Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  14. Software: DesignBuilder Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  15. Energy Modeling Scope ENERGY USE HVAC System Type System Sizing Fuel Type CoP or Efficiency Temperature Setpoints Schedule HVAC Lights, People, Equipment Schedule InternalGains Glazing Ratio Glazing Properties Envelope Properties and Dimentipns Solar Gains Air Infiltration Fuel Schedule Plug Loads & Lighting Fuel Type Efficiency Schedule Hot Water Production

  16. Software: DesignBuilder Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  17. Approach & Methodology Large Commercial Office Building 500,000 ft2 12 Stories + Basement 40% Glazing 60% Aluminum Panel Rain Screen VAV System Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  18. Approach & Methodology • Department of Energy, Commercial Building Benchmark Models • Based on quadrennial survey of approximately 5,500 buildings • 16 building types • 16 locations • ASHRAE 90.1-2007 • R-values • Lighting Power Density • Equipment Efficiency Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  19. Approach & Methodology 5 Zones per Floor 65% Core Zone Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  20. Approach & Methodology Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  21. Approach & Methodology Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  22. Approach & Methodology • Steel • Floors • 5” concrete • Concrete • Floors • 12” concrete Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  23. Approach & Methodology • Steel • Roof • No Concrete • Concrete • Roof • 12” concrete Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  24. Approach & Methodology Concrete Structure Internal Mass Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  25. Approach & Methodology *Concrete Mix: 564 pounds of cement per cubic yard of concrete Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  26. Thank You Questions? MAXXI in Rome, ZahaHadid RESULTS Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  27. Results Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  28. Results Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  29. Results +11% CO2e Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  30. Results CHICAGO PHOENIX Heating: - 6% Chicago - 27% Phoenix Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  31. Results CHICAGO PHOENIX Cooling: - 4% Chicago - 4% Phoenix Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  32. Results CHICAGO PHOENIX Pumps & Fans: - 6% Chicago - 3% Phoenix Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  33. Results CHICAGO PHOENIX Total HVAC: - 5% Chicago - 6% Phoenix Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  34. Results Chicago - 2.5% Phoenix - 2.7% Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  35. Results Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  36. Results Thermal mass does show energy savings Difference in embodied CO2e of concrete structure materials can be over come in life time of building Optimized designs are need to increase savings potential from thermal mass Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  37. Embodied CO2e: 76.0 lbs/sf Annual Operational CO2e: 1,600 lbs/sf End of Life CO2e: 21.3 lbs/sf YEAR TWO WORK The Cor Tower in Miami, Chad Oppenhein architecture + dessign Embodied CO2e: 75.5 lbs/sf Annual Operational CO2e: 1,610 lbs/sf End of Life CO2e: 117 lbs/sf Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  38. Year Two Work LCA Sensitivity Study Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  39. Year Two Work • LCA Sensitivity Study: • Strategies to reduction CO2e of concrete • More efficient material usage xenophilius.wordpress.com Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  40. Year Two Work Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  41. Year Two Work LCA Sensitivity Study Envelope Assemblies Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  42. Year Two Work http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/ibp/irc/cbd/building-digest-97.html • Envelope Assemblies • Thermal mass • Percent glazing • Albedo • Thermal bridging Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  43. Year Two Work LCA Sensitivity Study Envelope Assemblies Advanced HVAC Strategies Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  44. Year Two Work • Passive strategies • Night cooling • Passive solar heating • Active strategies • Radiant systems • Low-lift cooling • “Predictive Pre-Cooling Control for Low Lift Radiant Cooling using Building Thermal Mass” by N. Gayeski, 2010 Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  45. Year Two Work Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  46. Year Two Work Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  47. Year Two Work Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  48. Year Two Work Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  49. Year Two Work Next Generation Concrete Buildings Industry Day – August 31, 2010

  50. Thank You Industry Day – August 31, 2010

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