When Worlds Collide 1492-1590

1. 2 When Worlds Collide 1492-1590

2. When Worlds Collide1492-1590 • The Expansion of Europe • The Spanish in the Americas • Northern Explorations and Encounters • Conclusion

3. The French, under the command of Jean Ribault, discover the River of May (St. Johns River) in Florida on 1 May 1562

4. Chapter Focus Questions • What was the European background to the colonization of North America? • What kind of an empire did the Spanish create in the New World, and why did it extend into North America? • In what ways did the exchange of peoples, crops, animals, and diseases shape the experience of European colonists and American natives?

5. Chapter Focus Questions (cont’d) • What was the French role in the beginning of the North American fur trade? • Why did England enter the race for the colonies?

6. North America and Roanoke

7. American Communities:The English at Roanoke • Raleigh and Roanoke: imperialism and profit on the Spanish model. • The reality: unwilling Indian participants in Raleigh’s plans leads to conflict. • John White and Roanoke: artist and governor of the “Lost Colony.” • A failure and an unfortunate model for later English efforts.

8. The Expansion of Europe

9. A French peasant labors in the field before a spectacular castle in apage

10. Western Europe Before Columbus • New advances in farming technology • Feudal system (small areas owned by landlords) • Peasants paid tribute, labored. • Roman Catholic • Famine prevalent • Plague killed 1/3 of Europe’s population, 1347–1353.

11. Western Europe Before Columbus (cont'd) • 1500: Late medieval rebound sets stage for expansion.

12. MAP 2.1 Western Europe in the Fifteenth Century

13. The Merchant Class and the Renaissance • European expansion fueled by population increase and commercial growth. • Crusades fuel growth, open Europe to Muslim and Asian influences. • Access to “lost” ancient texts leads to revived interest in classical culture. • The Renaissance flowered between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries.

14. The Merchant Class and the Renaissance (cont'd) • Human-centered perspective joins with commercial motives for expansion.

15. The New Monarchies • Late medieval plague, famine, disease and rebellion weakened power of nobility and church. • Western European states emerged with monarchs as centers of power • Bureaucratic states built armies and navies and encouraged commerce.

16. The Portuguese Voyages • Fifteenth-century Portugal a leading seafaring nation, Lisbon a commercial port • Prince Henry the Navigator • Portuguese sail around Africa to reach the Indies • 1488: Established several colonies and reached southern tip of Africa • Established Atlantic slave trade

17. The Portuguese Voyages (cont'd) • 1498: Vasco da Gama sails around Africa to India

18. The Astrolabe • An instrument used for determining the precise position of the heavenly bodies, introduced to Europe by the Arabs.

19. The astrolabe, an instrument used for determining the precise position of heavenly bodies

20. Columbus Reaches the Americas • Columbus (from Genoa to Portugal) • Columbus: west to Indies • 1492: end of Reconquista • Spain finances Columbus’s “Enterprise of the Indies.” • October 1492: Columbus in Caribbean

21. Columbus Reaches the Americas (cont'd) • Returned to Spain: wealth and inhabitants be enslaved. • “many spices and great mines of gold” • Discovered clockwise circulation of Atlantic winds and currents

22. Columbus bids farewell to the monarchs Isabel and Ferdinand at the port of Palos in August 1492

23. Columbus Reaches the Americas • Later Columbus voyages: violent slave raiding, obsession with gold • Native populations decimated and virtually eliminated by 1520s • Without slave population, colonies entered depression. • Spanish were dissatisfied and ordered arrest of Columbus. • 1506: Columbus died

24. Columbus Reaches the Americas (cont'd) • After sailing to the Caribbean in 1499, Amerigo Vespucci described lands as a New World.

25. The Spanish in the Americas

26. Map of Tenochtitlán

27. MAP 2.2 The Invasion of America

28. The Spanish in the Americas • Spanish in Caribbean, inhabitants slaughtered • Encomienda system • Indians labor and Spanish lords protect Indians • Turned into slave system • 1517: Hernán Cortés in Mexico (Aztec Empire) • Aztecs: extracted tribute, human sacrifices • Cortés conquered Aztecs, aided by disease

29. The Spanish in the Americas (cont'd) • Spanish: huge profits from Aztec plunder

30. The Destruction of the Indies • Spanish horses, guns, and steel overcame Indian resistance. • Las Casas blamed Spanish for cruelty and deaths of millions of Indians. • “Black Legend” used to condemn Spain, justify other nations’ imperialism.

31. The Destruction of the Indies (cont'd) • Only a small portion of the deaths can be attributed to warfare, but las Casas was right in his claims of millions of Indian deaths.

32. Drawing of victims of the smallpox epidemic that struck the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán in 1520

33. North America’s Indian and Colonial Populations in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

34. The Virgin Soil Epidemics • Famine, lower birth rates, and epidemic diseases were largely responsible for the radical reduction in native populations. • The population of Mexico fell from 25 million in 1519 to one million a century later. • By the twentieth century, native population had fallen by 90 percent.

35. MAP 2.3 The Columbian Exchange

36. The Columbian Exchange • Widespread biological exchange affected Old and New Worlds alike. • European diseases decimated Indian populations. • American metals led to inflation, stimulating commerce but lowering living standards. • Crops to Europe– corn, potatoes, cotton, chocolate, tobacco

37. The Columbian Exchange (cont’d) • Widespread biological exchange affected Old and New Worlds alike. • Crops to America—wheat, sugar, rice • Old World livestock—pigs, cattle, horses—cause environmental damage, transform native cultures, especially on the Great Plains.

38. MAP 2.4 European Exploration, 1492–1591

39. The Spanish in North America • 1519: first colony attempt failed in Florida • de Vaca rumors of North American empires, inspiring explorations • 1539: Hernán de Soto in South, spreading disease • 1539: Francisco de Coronado, search for lost cities of gold in Southwest

40. The Spanish in North America (cont'd) • No great cities, Spain loses interest in South and Southwest for next 50 years

41. The Spanish New World Empire • By late sixteenth century, the Spanish had a powerful American empire. • 250,000 Europeans and 125,000 Africans lived in heavily urbanized Spanish colonies. • Women made up only 10% of Spanish immigrants. • Racially mixed population develops on a “frontier of inclusion.”

42. The Spanish New World Empire (cont'd) • Council of the Indies governed empire but local autonomy prevailed.

43. Northern Explorations and Encounters

44. This watercolor depicts the friendly relations between the Timucuas of coastal Florida and the colonists of the short-lived French colony of Fort Caroline

45. Trade, Not Conquest: Fish and Furs • Europeans in North American coastal waters (abundant fish) • 1490s: John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) • English exploration, no colony • French: North America and claims to lands of Canada • European-Indian relations based on trade (furs)

46. Trade, Not Conquest: Fish and Furs (cont'd) • Disease and wars reduced Indian populations • Indians dependent on European manufactured goods

47. A Mi’kmaq Indian petroglyph or rock carving depicting a European vessel and crew

48. The Protestant Reformation and the First French Colonies • 1517: Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation • Huguenots: Protestant John Calvin’s followers in France • Merchants and members of the middle class • Jean Ribault, planted first French colonies in South Carolina and Florida (religious refuge)

49. The Protestant Reformation and the First French Colonies (cont'd) • Spanish destroyed French colony in Florida. • 1565: Spanish St. Augustine established

50. Social Change in Sixteenth-Century England • Enclosure movement • Tenants out of countryside • Displaced population in cities • Protestant Church of England • Mary I: return to Catholicism, persecution of Protestants • Elizabeth I: restoration of Protestantism, Spanish rivalry