Mohammed Said, David Nkedianye, and Robin Reid International Livestock Research Institute

1. Outcome mapping: Ensuring research outputs become development outcomes Mohammed Said, David Nkedianye, and Robin Reid International Livestock Research Institute

2. Structure of this session on outcome mapping • As we present concepts and examples, please think about one way that your project, theme or management team could change the behaviour of your most important partner ( = an outcome) that improve the livelihoods of the poor in a sustainable way • We will then do a three-part harmony on: • outcome mapping concepts • a community level example • a national level example • We will then discuss the examples you come up with

3. POLITICS • New Knowledge/ Ideas • POLICIES • Motivations • NGOs • Environmental • Women Groups • Advocacy • ENVIRONMENT • National/ Regional • Money/ policy/ services • EXTENSION GROUPS • Government • NGOs, • Advisory services • OTHER RESEARCHERS • Universities • Technologies • Information • DISSEMINATION • New Knowledge • Extension • Inputs • FUNDERS • Policies • Motivations • Money + Inputs • PRIVATE SECTOR • Seed suppliers • Technical Assistance • MINISTRY • Agricultural • Facilitation • Regulations • NGOs • Facilitate Adoption of Technology • FARMERS/HERDERS • Farmer Orgs • Advocacy for research EARO Farmers/Herders • RESEARCH INSTITUTES • Outside Community • GOV/ MINISTRIES • Incentives to Facilitate Adoption of Technology • NARO • Support Staff • Research Support • DONORS • Financial resources • Human resources • REG~L/ INTERN~L CENTRES • Information Technology • FARMER ORGANIZATIONS • Identify problems • Dissemination RESEARCH MANAGERS RESEARCHERS • FARMER ASSOCIATIONS • Extension Services • LOCAL ORGs • Leadership • Mobilization USERS (Farmers & Families) • FARMERS/ PRODUCERS • New Knowledge • Sharing • Motivation • NGOs • Farmer training • Transfer of Technology PRIVATE SECTOR National & International RURAL SOCIOLOGISTS Identification of opportunities & constraints • POST PRODUCTION • Marketing • Transportation/ Shipping 8 - 15 years Connecting Research to Sustainable Well-Being

4. The Dilemma of Attribution • Everybody wants to claim a development outcome, but many claim too much credit! • Hard to measure and figure out who influenced what • How do we at ILRI really know when we have made a difference in the lives of the poor?

5. What is outcome mapping? • A structured way to: • Intentionally design a way to turn our outputs into outcomes and • Monitor our success in achieving these goals

6. What is outcome mapping? • Outcome mapping focuses on changes in the behavior, actions or activities of partners. • *These are defined as outcomes* • It recognises contributions by various partners to the achievement of these outcomes • It forces us to start with outcomes and work backwards, which guarantees a direct connection of our work to outcomes and helps us design demand-driven work

7. Who developed outcome mapping? • IDRC modified the outcome engineering approach of the Barry Kibel at the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation • Just web search IDRC and outcome mapping for more information

8. Who can use it? • Small projects to large organisations, teams of any size • All based on the outcomes your team defines at any level

9. Three stages and 12 steps of outcome mapping

10. We influence or impact the wider world through a set of partners, whom we directly influence but do not control The Real World Project, theme, institute = Partners

14. Creating an outcome statement • Describe a single boundary partner`s contributions to our overall development vision, by describing ideal changes you would like to see in their behaviour, actions or activities • Example outcome statement: ‘Theme 5 intends to see ministries of agriculture, around the world, actively involve farmer groups (representing the poor) in participatory testing and application of improved food-feed mixtures to enhance soil fertility and raise food production and to continually support these farmer groups.’

15. Creating an outcome statement • Another example: ‘The project intends to see a natural resource-focused NGOs actively advocate and work to improve of the livelihoods of poor livestock keepers’ • Another example; ‘The theme intends to see government ministries work across sectors to develop ways to balance poverty alleviation, agricultural production, and natural resource conservation.’

17. You then distinguish six types of strategies you can use to achieve outcomes Strategy Causal Persuasive Supportive Direct Output Vaccine, map, trade-off analysis, policy recc Arouse New Skills/ Thinking Strengthen institutions or individuals Supporter who guides change over time Mentor students and partners Aimed at the Boundary Partner Alter physical or regulatory environment Build a bioscience institute, advise on policy changes Modify the information system Website, info centre, radio programme, briefs Create / Strengthen a Peer Network AARNET, LUCID, ASARECA Aimed at the Boundary Partner`s Environment

18. Pastoral communities in 5 areas Maasai Mara Longido Amboseli Simanjiro Kitengela In Kitengela Kitengela Ilparakuo Landowners Association (KILA) Friends of Nairobi national Park (FoNNaP) The Wildlife Foundation (TWF) An example of outcome mapping at community level, boundary partners at 5 sites

19. Outcome desired 1) Improve their knowledge on new livelihoods options, critical livestock grazing areas, wildlife corridors, fencing and how they are changing 2) Improve their knowledge about improved livestock breeds and where to find them 3) Catalyse development of & implementation of targeted action plan for benefits from wildlife to flow to the poor Graduated Progress Markers Outcome 1 Expect to see KILA members are familiar with the goals of this project, know who ILRI is and what it does; invite Facilitator to their meetings Like to see KILA tries to influence decisions of Kitengela hhs on livestock husbandry and WL conservation thro’ meetings, individual contacts KILA committee comes to Facilitator for more information about WL movements, landuse, open space Boundary Partner: Kitengela Ilparakuo Landowners Association (KILA)

20. Outcome desired Raise awareness of KILA about new investment opportunities (e.g tourism) Catalyse the improvement of institutional goevernance Love to see KILA makes proactive decisions about improved livelihoods and land use based on project information KILA goes to gvt to try and influence policy at district level and above KILA engages and lobbies its neighbours to join hands in WL & LS management KILA attracts funds to support monitoring of livelihoods, land use and WL …Cont:

21. KILA Outcome 1

22. Boundary Partners at National Level • Research Organizations: University of Nairobi, Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tanzanian Wildlife Research Institute • Policy organization: Ministry of Livestock, Ministry of Local Government, Office of the President, National Environment Management Agency, Kenya Wildlife Service, Ministry of Lands

23. Expected outcome with Research Institutions and Policy Markers • New knowledge and ideas • Identification of opportunities and constraints • Integration of research between the East African countries • Joint cross-borders surveys and management of resources • Linkages and coordination between Research and Policies and management of resources that would include participation of local communities • Harmonization of policies across the sectors and countries

24. Integration and Sharing of Information Example questions in each strategy

25. Strategy 1-2: Training courses conducted to build capacity for 5 institutions, 30 researchers, and 20 policy makers to better manage land, livelihoods and biodiversity in East Africa by 2007 Training of Trainers in GIS and Remote Sensing within ILRI-Nairobi (past 6 months) GPS training for herders in Kitengela for resource mapping (past 12 months - Mrigesh) GPS and Mapping of Fences (KILA – working with community for 4 months). 2 weeks of intensive training on GIS operation for 2 KILA members next year + development of land information system GIS Training in February (TANAPA, TAWIRI, Tarangire National Park, DRSRS, KWS, Monduli District, ILRI-Addis). Proposal with ITC on developing GIS curriculum in collaboration with RCMRD for a joint MSc between RCMRD, ILRI and ITC (courses geared to technician, policy makers and certificate course for the community). Training in spatial statistical analysis for NRO (WWF,AWF, KWS, DRSRS, TAWIRI and TANAPA – Joseph Ogutu and Mrigesh). On going hands on Spatial analysis with DRSRS, CBS, KWS on ecosystem mapping. Development of Training Course in Pastoralism in East Africa (David, Ole Kamuaro, Kiros, Said - working with RECOCLIE/IIED Program on Reinforcement of pastoral Civil Society in East Africa (next week). Bioregional Planning training – tool to bring together planner, local land owners, local government and decision makers in planning of resources (UNEP, HABITAT, RCMRD, local communities, planners and policy makers – convene by ILRI and University of Utah – next year part of Phd programme)

26. Strategy E2 - Reto-O-Reto Geo-database

27. Research Collaborating with DRSRS, KWS, TAWIRI in research, joint publication. Outputs MDG linking poverty and environment. Joint research between the institutes Joint Research and management of trans-boundary pastoral systems in Kenya, Tz, and US Collaboration between pastoral communities and natural resource managers Policy Makers Presentation to Ministry of Environment (Minister, PS, KWS Board of Trustees, NEMA Board of Trustees). Action Issues on pastoral livelihoods and wildlife (workshops held and ILRI represented through local community) Our team assisting in drafting the Kenya policies on pastoral- wildlife conflict and natural resource policies Member of the National Land Policy team (sub-com on Land Information Management) Outcome

28. Organizational practices that ensure that outputs turn into outcomes • Prospecting for new ideas, opportunities, & resources • Seeking feedback from key informants • Obtaining the support of your next highest power • Assessing & (re)designing products, services, systems, and procedures

29. Organizational practices that ensure that outputs turn into outcomes • Checking up on those already served to add value • Sharing your best wisdom with the world • Experimenting to remain innovative • Engaging in organizational reflection