812-818 Participate in a Socratic Seminar discussion. Demonstrate examples of

1. 812-818 • 812-818 • Participate in a Socratic • Seminar discussion. • Demonstrate examples of • how science impacted • society and literature. • Participate in a Socratic • Seminar discussion. • Demonstrate examples • of how science impacted • society and literature of • the 19th century in Europe.

2. Think about this: • What is it that occurs once in a minute, twice in a moment, but never in a thousand years? • The letter “m”.

3. Science and Thought • Europe experienced a major change in science thought during the nineteenth century: • Scientific knowledge expanded greatly and influenced how people viewed the world (philosophy). • Literature of the period shifted from romanticism to realism.

4. DIRECTIONS:Write 3 detailed, thoughtful, open-ended type questions on your assigned reading AND the textbook reading to be used in a quick “Socratic Seminar” discussion.(5 minutes).* Be able to answer your question.* Readings: 1. “The Origin of Species “– Charles Darwin (4min.) 2. “Social Darwinism “– Herbert Spencer (3m)3. “Thus Spoke Zarathustra “– Friedrich Nietzsche (3m) During our Socratic Seminar remember to be polite, no cross talk, be attentive and respectful to your peers.

5. The Triumph of Science • How did science impact Europe? • Theoretical discoveries which had practical benefits helped science gain prestige in the 1830s. • Examples • Louis Pasteur • Newton’s earlier work was foundation for thermodynamics • Alfred Marshall argued science would help industry • Dmitri Mendelev developed periodic table • Michael Faraday created electromagnetic “dynamo”. • Promoted strong economic growth. • Science gained popularity in the public mind. • Created a strong faith in human progress. • Scientists held increased prestige tremendously after 1850.

6. Social Science and Evolution Social Scientists used data to test their theories in an effort to explain human behavior. • Charles Darwin formulated theory of evolution by natural selection in “On the Origin of the Species”, developed idea from earlier work of Jean Baptiste Lamarck who studied evolution. • Auguste Comte’s “Positivism” led to new science of “Sociology” suggesting the scientific method could explain human behavior. • Herbert Spencer’s “Social Darwinism” applied ideas of natural selection to business and industry. Charles Darwin Political cartoon

7. Realism in Literature • Started in France in the 1840s with the focus on the commonplace, mainly the daily life and experiences of the new urban working class. • Often focused on “taboo” subjects, such as sex, violence and alcoholism, oftentimes considered controversial. • Depicted life as it really was, unlike romanticism. • Stressed the hereditary and environmental determinants of human behavior; • So, human behavior was neither good nor evil – those ideas were social conventions. • Therefore, human actions were caused by unalterable natural laws out of the control of humans.

8. A Few Examples: France Emile Zola - “Germinal” described working class lives. Emile Zola Honore’ de Balzac - “The Human Comedy” was a series of novels of peoples lives in post-revolutionary France. - “Le Pere’ Goriot” shows urban society as amoral, brutal and a struggle for wealth. Gustave Flaubert - “Madame Bovary” shows middle class hypocrisy as a middle class housewife is betrayed by her lover.

9. England Mary Ann Evans (pen George Eliot) - “Middlemarch: Study of Provincial Life” describes how people are shaped by society and their inner conflicts, morals. Thomas Hardy - “Return of the Native” showed how people are frustrated and crushed by fate and bad luck. Russia Leo Tolstoy - “War and Peace” describes life in Russia during the Napoleon’s invasion.

10. United States Theodore Dreiser - “Sister Carrie” is about a farm girl Carrie Meeber who moves to the city rising from low wage worker to highly paid actress solely by circumstance rather than virture.

11. Emile Zola