Measuring gender relations with GGS data

1. Measuring gender relationswith GGS data Maria Eugenia COSIO ZAVALA Pascal SEBILLE CERPOS Centre de Recherche Populations et sociétés University of Paris X-Nanterre

2. GGS, Gender and generations surveys These surveys aim at exploring relationships between gender changes and different demographic outcomes, such as fertility and formal marriage

3. GGS, Gender and generations surveys Gender indicators • The model and pioneer survey: five surveys in Asia (K. Mason and al., 1985) • DHS surveys (including partners’ negotiations and including men)

4. GGS, Gender and Generations surveys • The gender dimension • In GGS, gender effects can be studied on : • Matrimonial histories • Fertility (tempo and intensity) • Living arrangements of the elderly • Family networks

5. GGS, Gender and generations surveys • Two classical dimensions of female empowerment : autonomy and responsibilities in the household We grouped the variables in a different manner : • household organization • equality between partners

6. GGS, Gender and generations surveys Gender definition in GGS is a multidimensional concept, including different aspects: access and control of resources, such as education, labor, durable goods; control of women’s work earnings by herself and of her goods

7. GGS, Gender and generations surveys • Autonomy: freedom in taking decisions, economic independence and freedom of movements • Decision power • Roles • Values

8. GGS, Gender and generations surveys Dependant variables : - fertility - nuptiality (legal marriage) union definition (in GGS-ERFI): living together with the partner at least during 3 consecutive months

9. GGS, Gender and generations surveys Evaluation of the union's probability of giving birth to a child, of marrying legally in function of: • Sociodemographic variables • Gender indicators

10. GGS, Gender and generations surveys • fertility models : probability of having a first child, the last one before the survey, in the current union, for males and females • marriage models : probability of legal marriage for males and females

11. GGS, Gender and generations surveys • Explanatory variables are grouped in three sets: • First : socio-demographic variables, partners’ demographic life course and their human capital

12. GGS, Gender and generations surveys Two additional sets with gender variables: • a dimension about union’s organization, domestic tasks by sex, female participation in income and decisions

13. GGS, Gender and generations surveys • a second dimension about equality in union’s gender relations, women’s participation in resources’ management • modern or traditional values (more or less egalitarian)

14. GGS, Gender and generations surveys I. socio-demographic variables • age groups • duration of the present union • matrimonial status • number of previous unions • having a child before actual union • education • woman’s type of work (full time, partial time, no work) • age difference between partners

15. GGS, Gender and generations surveys II. Tasks’ repartition between partners • Participation in all tasks (scores) • Woman’s contribution to income (%) • Participation in decisions (scores)

16. GGS, Gender and generations surveys III. Equality/inequality • Income management by woman (scores) • Family values : - modern - traditional

17. GGS, Gender and generations surveys MODERN VALUES • Marriage is no more an appropriate institution nowadays • It is right for partners in an informal union to live together even if they have no intention of getting married

18. GGS, Gender and generations surveys MODERN VALUES • If people are not happy in their union, they can divorce, even if they have children • A woman can have a child and raise it alone if she does not want to have a stable relation with a man

19. GGS, Gender and generations surveys TRADITIONAL VALUES: • Marriage is a link that lasts during all life, it is not possible to break it • To grow happy, children need to live in a family unit with a father and a mother

20. Some results of GGSERFI in France • Egalitarian variables have a negative effect on the fertility and marriage probabilities. • Partners’ age, former matrimonial histories, women’s work, education and other socio-demographic variables have a strong influence

21. Some results of GGS,ERFI in France • Personal and family lives of both partners are highly important, including matrimonial experiences before current union • They have a significative weight in relation with gender indicators, before and during the actual union

22. Some results of GGS,ERFI in France • Fertility and nuptiality depend on these personal an union’s histories and on equalitarian or not equalitarian gender relations. • It is very interesting to have GGS (ERFI in France) to show these interactions

23. Some results of GGS,ERFI in France • In France, unions organize tasks with a strong specialization by sex. In 8 unions among 10, women do more (much more) domestic tasks than men. • BUT equality is predominant in the management of resources, with 8 unions among 10 sharing them in an egalitarian way

24. To know more… www-erfi.ined.fr Contact : cosio@u-paris10.fr; pascal.sebille@wanadoo.fr

25. Thank you!..... www-erfi.ined.fr Contact : cosio@u-paris10.fr; pascal.sebille@wanadoo.fr