The International Heliophysical Year and Universal Processes In Space Science

1. Heliospheric Plasma Physics A Universal Science The International Heliophysical Year and Universal Processes In Space Science Howard J. Singer NOAA Space Environment Center • Review of North American Science Plans • Universal Processes and IHY Science Acknowledgments: Crooker, Davila, Fuller-Rowell, Gopalswamy, Onsager, Siscoe, SOHO LASCO, Thompson, Working Group Leads International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy Toulouse, France 22 July 2005

2. THE INTERNATIONAL HELIOPHYSICAL YEAR (IHY): 2007 • Advancing our understanding of the Heliophysical processes that govern the Sun’s influence on Earth and the heliosphere. • Continuing a tradition of International collaboration on the 50th Anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1957. • Demonstrating the beauty, relevance, and significance of space and Earth science to the world.

3. US planning workshop held at Sac Peak Observatory April 20-22, 2004 • North American IHY Planning Workshop Boulder, CO February 16-18, 2005 North American IHY Science Plans • Four Working Groups + International Coordination (with current leads): • Cosmic Rays/Outer Heliosphere: Gary Zank, Eberhard • Moebius • Atmospheres/Ionospheres/Magnetospheres (AIM): Tim • Fuller-Rowell, Roger Smith, Howard Singer, Gordon Shepherd • Climate and Earth Atmosphere: Mark Baldwin, Drew Shindell, • Fangqun Yu, Victor Fomichev • Solar/Inner heliosphere: Joan Burkepile, Leonard Strachan, • Nancy Crooker • InternationalCoordination: Nat Gopalswamy and Dave Webb

4. Cosmic Rays/Outer Heliosphere • GOALS: • Understand Our Home System from the Sun to its Boundary with the Interstellar Medium • Utilize Observations • Establish connections with the broader scientific community • Improve & Consolidate Global Heliospheric Models

5. Science Thrusts with Examples Atmospheres/Ionospheres/Magnetospheres (AIM) • Comparative A-I-M Systems • A: Comparative studies of auroral dynamics on Earth, Jupiter and Saturn • B: Comparative studies of storms and substorms at different planets • C: Comparative studies of the radiation environment at different planets • End-to-end Solar-Terrestrial System Studies: Modeling and Observations • A: Storm time response of the inner magnetosphere and ionosphere-thermosphere • B: Real-time global ionosphere • C: Sources of variability of the geomagnetically undisturbed atmosphere and ionosphere • D: Small-scale structures

6. Progress in IHY project: Global Ionospheric Variability GPS Coverage Canada Europe (EUREF) USA JPL COSMIC (GPS occultations) South America

7. Progress in IHY project: Global Ionospheric Variability GPS Coverage Canada Remarks by Dr. Hugh Odishaw, Executive Director, US National Committee for IGY, before the National Press Club, Dec. 4, 1958) “So the fundamental purpose of the IGY was the acquisition of synoptic data---data taken simultaneously on and about the earth in order to get a planetary view of weather, geomagnetism, the ionosphere, the aurora, and the like. “ Europe (EUREF) USA JPL COSMIC (GPS occultations) South America

8. Issues of importance to climate community require climatological (long time scale) data analysis rather than focus on individual events • But, there are also a number of sun/atmosphere studies that can be carried out or initiated in the time frame of IHY2007, all with attention to coordination with ongoing (e.g., CAWSES, SPARC) programs and prior (e.g., EPIC, PSMOS) programs • Example campaigns include: • Response of atmosphere to impulsive and periodic solar • events (e.g., Solar Particle Events…) • Response to the 27-day solar rotation –inferences for longer • term variability • Modeling of atmospheric response to solar variability, • including model intercomparison • UV effects on the biosphere (including humans). • … Climate and Earth Atmosphere

9. . cosmic ray modulation X : established CMEs & flares X : speculative granulation solar cycle solar wind irradiance reconnection X X X X X Particle acceleration X shocks & waves X X X Processes dynamo X X X turbulence/convection X X X X X X multi-scale structures X X X energy storage & release X radiative transfer Phenomena Emphasis on comparative universal processes and connective Solar-System-spanning phenomena Solar/Inner Heliosphere • Planned Activities include: • Observing campaigns, modeling, e.g. • Study the variation of solar minimum irradiance (cycle to cycle) • Relationship of cosmic ray modulation to CMEs

10. The Science of Universal Processes Similar physical processes are evident in vastly different environments Earth’s aurora Aurora at Saturn’s poles Jupiter’s aurora imaged with HST PlanetaryAurorae

11. The Science of Universal Processes Similar physical processes are evident in vastly different environments Stellar Mass Ejections

12. The Science of Universal Processes T Tauri stars Solar active regions G,K & M dwarfs Convective envelope Pevtsov et al., 2003 X ray bright points Similar physical processes are evident in vastly different environments Sun-to-Stars X-ray Emission

13. Universal Processes: A Theme for IHY Geomagnetic Storm Campaign Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) Campaign Reconnection Particle Acceleration Plasma Convection Wave processes • GOAL: Gain knowledge about the physical processes and phenomena through sharing cross-disciplinary views of the same process under different circumstances • OUTCOMES: Workshops based on universal physical processes rather than phenomena; books on physical processes that include numerous heliospheric phenomena; legacies Universal Physical Processes Phenomena Phenomena

14. Heliospheric Plasma Physics A Universal Science IHY: Advancing our Interdisciplinary Approach to Science and the Study of Universal Processes “ I would suggest that science is already moving to enlarge its influence in three general ways: in the inter–disciplinary area, in the international area, and in the inter-cultural area. For science is the most powerful means we have for the unification of knowledge, and a main obligation of its future must be to deal with problems which cut across boundaries, whether boundaries between the sciences, boundaries between nations, or boundaries between man’s scientific and his humane concern.” -- John F. Kennedy A Century of Scientific Conquest by John F. Kennedy, in The Scientific Endeavor, Centennial Celebration of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1963.