International Heliophysical Year (IHY) 2007: Overview

1. International Heliophysical Year (IHY) 2007: Overview What is IHY? ● An international program to expand the famous IGY 1957 concept to a much larger realm – the entire solar system up to the ISM boundary - in a unique way ● IGY reached to the frontiers of geophysical research in 1957 ● IHY will reach to the frontiers of heliophysical research focusing on universal physical processes and connective phenomena ● Heliophysical: encompasses solar-planetary physics to heliosphere-ISM interaction ● Grass-roots organization with a science focus and international cooperation N. Gopalswamy, J. Davila, B. J. Thompson NASA GSFC Greenbelt MD 20771 http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

2. Why IHY? The Historical Perspective • First International Polar Year (1882-1983) • January 1875 at the Academy of Sciences in Vienna Carl Weyprecht suggested a coordinated study of the north polar region • Polar meteorological and magnetic observations commenced on Aug 1, 1882 and concluded Sep 1, 1883 • Second International Polar Year(1932-1933) • Scientific activities were significantly limited by the world-wide economic depression • Polar meteorological and magnetic observations to be made in 1932-1933, fifty years after the first IPY • International Geophysical Year (1957-1958) • In 1957 the IGY involved about 60,000 scientists from 66 nations • To obtain simultaneous, global observations on Earth and in space The logical next step is to extend global studies into the Heliosphere to incorporate the drivers of Geophysical change into the global system-The IHY. http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

3. Evolution of System Studies The original IGY encompassed all of the geophysical domains from oceans to atmospheres. After the IGY the separate fields dispersed and evolved into large communities. Now it is the 50th anniversary of the original IGY and this has caused all of these disciplines to re-aggregate and recreate the conditions which fostered the successful IGY – Towards an IHY. IGY Size Scale Studied IPY-2 IPY-1 IHY 1883 1933 1957 2007 TIME http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

4. Lapland, 1882 Advances During Previous International Years • IPY 1 • Auroral oval structure and dynamics • Currents flowing in the upper atmosphere produce magnetic perturbations on the ground • Currents flow between upper atmosphere and space • IPY 2 • International polar observing network • New instrumentation (radiosondes and ionosondes) • Rapid run magnetometers • Simultaneous measurements at multiple stations • Global current pattern for specific magnetic disturbance (magnetic bays) • IGY • Interhemispheric network of polar stations • New instrumentation (all-sky cameras, satellites) • Major discovery (radiation belts) • New concepts (the magnetosphere, substorms) • Exploration of space • Global 3D synoptic data • Evidence of time-dependent global dynamics • IHY will build on this heritage http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

5. IHY Scientific Goals • Provide benchmark measurements of the response of the magnetosphere, the ionosphere, the lower atmosphere and Earth surface to identify global processes and drivers which affect the terrestrial environment and climate • Global study of the Sun-heliosphere system outward to the heliopause to understand the external, and historic drivers of geophysical change • Foster international scientific cooperation in the study of Heliophysical phenomena now and in the future • To communicate the unique scientific results of the IHY to the interested scientific community and to the general public http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

6. Why Now? STEREO • A large armada of existing or planned spacecraft are in place to provide the most comprehensive global measurements of the sun-earth interplanetary system yet obtained • Earth based observatories can provide measurements of terrestrial effects at the poles and elsewhere • International collaboration is easier today than in previous international years with abundant and cheap electronic communication available • No single country has sufficient resources to obtain all required observations • The time is ripe for IHY global studies. ACE SOHO http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

7. What is the Opportunity? Cross-cutting solar system science • Similar physical processes are evident in vastly different environments True-color image of Earth’s aurora taken from Space Shuttle Aurora at Saturn’s poles Jupiter’s aurora imaged with HST http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

8. Cross-Cutting IHY Approach • Observa-tional campaigns are organized for various phenomena • Scientific results organized by physical process Preliminary http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

9. General Benefits of the IHY • The IHY will help us develop a deeper understanding of physical processes through a program of comparative study throughout the solar system. • The IHY will further the study of energetic events in the solar system, paving the way for safe travel to the Moon and planets in the future. • The IHY 2007 will serve to inspire the next generation of space physicists and explorers, as the IGY 1957 inspired us. http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

10. Benefits to Space Agencies • Provides a community consensus structure to unite Earth and Space Science into the new field of “helioPHYSICS”. • Broadens the use of space data by making data available, and involving new science groups while leveraging data analysis funds • Pathfinder for ILWS science program, with high-priority consensus science objectives identified by International Teams http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

11. Planning Activities • Identify national IHY core groups • Identify key leaders for science and advocacy and obtain endorsements from scientific societies • Identify key facilities (observatories, instruments, data bases), research groups and gaps that can be filled during IHY2007 • Identify and approach funding sources • Identify science questions doable with available and new facilities and resources • Connect with other national/regional planning groups to evolve a unified IHY science plan • T. Kosugi, T. Terasawa, K. Shibasaki, M. Kojima, R. Fuji, Y. Kamide, … Japanese core group • Asia-Pacific IHY planning meeting during AOGS 2005 Singapore http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

12. US Planning WorkshopSac Peak, NM 22-24 April, 2004 • Objective – Begin to organize the scientific program for the IHY in the US science community • Conveners: J. Davila, N. Gopalswamy, B. Thompson • Scientific organizing Commitee -- Nancy Crooker, and Dan Baker (Co-Chairs), Charles Jackman, Chuck Smith, Eberhard Mobius, and David Webb. K.S. Balasubramaniam and Alexi Pevtsov were Local Organizers. • Four Working Groups Formed – • Climate and Earth Atmosphere (WG Leaders: Mark Baldwin and Rolando Garcia) • Magnetospheres and Ionospheres (WG Leaders: Howard Singer and Jan Sojka) • Heliosphere and Solar Wind (WG Leaders: Justin Kasper and Eberhard Mobius) • Solar Drivers (WG Leaders: Terry Forbes and Sarah Gibson). • Workshop talks and working group summaries are available at website http://www.nso.edu/general/workshops/ihy2004 IHY U.S. Community Science Workshop being planned in early 2005 in Boulder CO, International workshop will be held in July 2005 in Toulouse, France http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

13. Planning Process International Science Plan Presented to International Planning Committee Russia, Ukraine V. Obridko Europe J.-L. Bougeret, B. Schmieder, R. Wimmer, R. von Steiger United Kingdom R. Harrison Nov 2003 Latin America M. Machado, C. Mandrini, P. Kaufmann International Planning Meeting J. Davila (US), R. Jain (IN), I. Veselovsky (Rus) July 2005 Toulouse, France Asia Pacific T. Kosugi, I. Cairns, United Nations H. Haubold October 2004 May 2005 Africa B. Raibu Moraal, S. Yousef China Guangli Huang Sep 2004 United States/Canada J. Davila, N. Crooker I. Mann April 2004 Spring 2005 Meeting Planned India R. Jain, A. Bhattacharya July 2004 Meeting Complete http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

14. IHY OVERVIEW International Planning Heliophysical Science Goals Funding Agencies eGY Space LP LP Super JOP Series of Campaigns IHY Data Base VxO Distributed IHY Observatory New UN UN International Scientific Organizations Ground Super CDAW: Series Coordinated Data Analysis Workshops Theory/Modeling Scientific Publications LP LP Outreach Future Heliophysical Scientists LP Legacy Potential UN UN UNBSSI http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

15. Campaign Framework • Title • Campaign leader • Science question/goal • What’s unique for IHY a. Interdisciplinary b. International c. Global (big picture ideas) d. Discovery potential • Key instrumentation and data • Models • Key proposals for community • Collaborations • Workshops/collaborations • Educational opportunities • Legacy potential: http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

16. IHY Steering Committee Research Organizations NASA, ESA, JAXA, NAS, DoD, NSF, etc. IHY Regional Steering Committees: Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific, etc. Science Working Groups Coordinate analysis and modeling efforts, coordinate meetings & symposia Scientific Campaigns Reviews proposals for IHY campaigns with observatory representatives, coordinates observing schedule Scientific Meetings & Publications Ensure that scientific objectives of IHY are well-developed and that the results of IHY are communicated to the greater scientific community. Public Outreach Newsletters, Website, Articles, Media Affairs, Outreach Products IGY History and Context Campaign Planners Emerging Nations Programs Scientific Institutions Media Affairs Production and Publications Observatory Reps and Coordinators Professional Organization Representatives and Coordinators

17. Scientific Endorsements • IHY is widely endorsed by scientific organizations • COSPAR, IAU, ISSI, SCOSTEP, National Academy CSSP, ILWS MOWG, UN/BSS • Endorsement Pending • AAS, AGU, IUGG, ICTP, AOGS • Cooperating Organizations • IUGG, IAGA, IAU, AAS, AGU, SCOSTEP, SHINE, CAWSES http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

18. Other International Years • Electronic Geophysical Year • Along with Virtual Observatories Will provide data system for IHY campaign data, • International Polar Year • Scientific and campaign coordination for polar magnetospheric phenomena, climate record, and atmospheric effects • Year of Planet Earth • Solid Earth research, no specific coordination at this time • International Geophysical Year 2007 • Congressional resolution, supported by IHY http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

19. Recent Progress • Developed a schedule of activities and are making progress towards finalizing research plans for 2007 • The International Steering Committee has been established • Coordination with the UNBSS program continues.  We will focus on partnerships with developing nations to establish distributed instrument networks, and we are exploring how to do it with help from UNBSS.  UN-IHY Planning workshop during October 18-21 at GSFC to discuss coordination.  • UNBSS has adopted IHY program for its annual workshops for 2005-2008 to involve scientists from developing nations. Potential for synergy with NSF/DASI (Distributed Array of Small Instruments) program • Science Coordination Database has been established and is being populated, Campaign Coordination Database in development http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov/ • IHY events and activities at scores of international meetings and symposia • IGY Historical activities underway in partnership with the AGU History Committee, eGY and the AIP’s Center for History of Physics http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

20. The IHY Science Coordination Database Over 100 instruments already entered into database http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

21. IHY Planning Schedule • 2004: Regional coordination meetings, campaigns begin to be defined, synergy/coordination discussions with professional organizations • 2005: Synthesis from regional to international, merging of science working groups and campaigns, "backfilling" missing initiatives • 2006: Prototyping year, preliminary work, review and finalize campaign proposals, proposals to national funding agencies • 2007: IHY campaigns, establish data bases and tools • 2008+: workshops, publications, archives http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

22. Where you fit in • serve as a coordinator between IHY and your scientific institution or organization to ensure overlap in scientific goals • serve on one of the science working groups to assist in the development of scientific initiatives • help with the public outreach effort • assist in the development of programs for developing countries • contribute a story or "reminiscence" about IGY 1957 • propose and help coordinate an observing campaign • serve as an observatory coordinator • be creative - new suggestions and ideas are always welcome! http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

23. Schedule of Activities http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

24. http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

25. Reference Slides

26. The IHY Campaign site contains all of the logistics for IHY campaign planning. Searchable fields will include: The Science Working Group Objectives, leaders and participants Approved and Proposed campaigns Participating Observatories and Observatory Representatives Campaign observing targets Modelers Campaign Number Science Objective IHY participants interested in the Campaign's scientific topic Scientific Publications Relevant to the Campaign's scientific topic Start Date, End Date Participating Observatory(s) A searchable IHY Campaign calendar A searchable IHY Science Planning Database A searchable IHY Campaign Database The IHY Campaign Database http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan

27. IHY International Planning Coordinators • - Heinzl: Czech Republic • - Michalek: Poland • Arnold Benz: Switzerland • Rob Wimmer-Schweinbruger: Germany • Dalmiro Maia: Portugal • Javier Rodriguez-Pacheko: Spain • Ester Antonucci: Italy • Brigitte Schmeider: France • Andy Breen: UK • Peter Gallagher: Ireland • Pierre Kaufmann: Brazil • Bill Liu: Canada • Guangli Huang: China • Rajmal Jain, Narain Rao: India • Lu Lee: Taiwan • Kojima, Kamide, Fuji, Terasawa: Japan • Stefan Poedts: Belgium • Ismail Sabbah: Kuwait • Bo Andersen: Norway • Cristina Mandrini, Marta Rovira: Argentina • Xochitl Blanco-Cano (Mexico) • E Turunen, Usoskin, Pulkinnen: Finland • Rajmal Jain: India • Karel Kudela: Slovakia • Bindschadler: Antarctica • Obridko, Veselovsky: Russia • Harm Moraal: South Africa • Hady: Egypt • Babatunde Rabiu: Nigeria • Dong-Hun Lee, S.Y. Yun : S. Korea • Chilingairayan: Azerbaijan • Axel Brandenburg, Eigil Friis-Christensen: Denmark • Sixto Gonzalez: Puerto Rico • Rusdijak: Croatia • Walter Gonzalez: Brazil • Xenophon Moussas: Greece • Gedalin: Israel http://ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov Gopalswamy 26-29 Oct 2004, Kiyosato, Japan