GCSE Human Geography Revision Session

1. GCSE Human Geography Revision Session Easter 2016 Getting it completely right for the examination Changing Urban Environments & Tourism

2. Plan for the morning 10.00 Arrive – General introduction + Urban Environments 10.55 Break 11.05 End of break – Tourism 11.55 End

3. 1. Introduction: What are examinations all about? “Of course, it is very important to be sober when you take an exam. Many worthwhile careers in street-cleansingand fruit-picking have been founded on a lack of understanding of this one simple fact.”  Examinations are NOT meant to be easy but they are meant to be do-able. They are actually designed to do a task – which is..? (tell the person next to you…) + (not the same one as the Physical Revision session)

4. They differentiate between students so we know who is better exams (or worse) To give yourself the best chance to do this to the best of your ability, you must: PLAN your revision and PLANyour time PRACTISEexam questions and PREPARE your exam technique ...

5. 2. The aims of today’s session: • The session is NOT about • Attending today and thinking my revision has been done. • Thinking you will get the answers to the questions today. • Relying on me to do all the planning, practise and preparation for you. • A) Recap on the structure of Paper 2. • B) Learn the meanings and importance of question command words. • C) Know how longer questions are marked. • D) Recap the content of The Changing Urban Environments Unit • E) Recap a section of the Tourism Unit • F) Discuss some top revision tips and revision resources.

6. Structure of the Unit 2 (Human) exam 1 hr 30 mins = total of 90 mins 84 marks in total Tell the person next to you how long to spend on the 8 mark questions…….. What’s different from Paper 1? 9 EXTRA marks………(spag) You answer 3 sections - one from Section A and one from Section B plus a free choice of one other. You answer the questions on the TOPICS YOU HAVE STUDIED – tell a different person as fast as you can the 3 CORRECT topics

7. Structure of the Unit 2 (Human) exam • Unit 2 is divided into two sections (A and B) and six topics: • Section A • Population Change • Changing Urban Environments • Changing Rural Environments • Section B • The Development Gap • Globalisation • Tourism Wednesday 8th June (15 days after Paper 1)

8. Command Words – DO WHAT THEY TELL YOU TO DO • Describe... • paint a picture using words, say what something is like. • What is meant by… • give the meaning of a definition or concept. • Compare.... • the similarities and differences. • Comment on… • give your opinion, or state what the evidence shows. • Using only… • will refer to a figure (diagram, sketch, table of data, map extract or photo). • Why, explain, suggest reasons... • give reasons. • Contrast.... • the differences.

9. Longer questions are level marked • For questions worth more than 4 marks, your answer is judged to be basic (level 1) or clear (level 2). • For answers worth 8 marks, a detailed (level 3) is used to mark your answer. LEVEL 1 ANSWERS SHOW.... ....you have a basic knowledge and understanding of the topic. ....you won’t have used many key geographical words. ....your answer won’t be linked together or have much structure. LEVEL 2 ANSWERS SHOW... ...you have good knowledge and clear understanding of the topic. ...you’ll have used some key geographical words. ...you have structured your answer well and linked some of your ideas together.

10. LEVEL 3 ANSWERS SHOW... ...you have answered and linked your answer to all of the command words in the question. ...you have used named example/s of places in your answer to provide background to your answer, even without being asked. ...your answer is well structured. You have defined the key terms, hit the command words and used a range of geographical key words. ...you have given a detailed answer, linking ideas together.

11. Changing Urban Environments: Revision Overview

12. 1. Urbanisation What is urbanisation? – Tell the person next to you It’s a process where an increasing proportion of the population lives in towns and cities There are 2 causes of urbanisation: - What are they? Tell someone else Rural-urban migration – where people move from the countryside to the towns/cities. Natural increase – the people moving into towns/cities are generally young adults, so they get together and have children resulting in high levels of births and therefore the natural increase in population.

13. What causes the rural to urban migration?

14. What causes the rural to urban migration?

15. 2. How does land use vary in an urban area? Function: The purpose of a particular area e.g. for residential use, recreation or shopping etc. Central business district (CBD): The main shopping and service area in a city. It is usually found in the middle of the city so that it is easily accessible e.g. Liverpool 1 Inner city: The area around the CBD - usually built before 1918 in the UK e.g. Bucks Road and streets off it in Douglas Inner suburbs: Built around about the second world war e.g. Ballakermeen area Outer suburbs: the area on the edge of the city. They are the latest houses to be built in a town or city usually eg Governor’s Hill

17. 3. Issues for people who live in urban areas in MEDCs There are so many issues in towns/cities, including those relating to housing, traffic, services and provision for a mixed community. ISSUE 1: HOUSING Population in the UK has increased by 7% since 1971. The number of households (a person living alone; 2 or more people living at same address) has risen by 30% since 1971. Most of this is due to more people living alone. This is due to: People leaving home to rent or buy younger than previously People marrying later People getting divorced The government target is to build 240,000 new houses every year by 2016. Many will be built in towns/cities on brownfield sites (sites which have previously been built on e.g. old factory sites in the Inner Cities). However, some housing will inevitably be built on greenfield sites (land that has never been built on, usually in the countryside or on the edge of towns/cities).

18. Brownfield vs greenfield

19. ISSUE 2: THE INNER CITY - Strategies to improve living in inner cities since 1945. Strategy 1: Urban Development Corporations (UDCs) These were a major strategy, introduced in the 1980s. The London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) was established in 1981. These Urban Development Corporations were set up with government funding to buy land and improve the inner city, partly by attracting private investment. Strategy 2: City Challenge This was a big initiative of the 1990s. Local authorities, private companies and the local community worked together from the start. Strategy 3: Sustainable communities These allow people to live in an area where there is housing of an appropriate standard (reasonable Quality of Life), with access to a job, education and healthcare.

20. CASE STUDY: London Docklands Social Improvements • 22 000 new homes created – luxury flats • several huge shopping malls • 10 000 refurbished former council terraced houses • post-16 college and campus for new University of East London • leisure facilities including water sports marina Why was redevelopment needed? • During the 19th century, London was the world’s busiest port. • By 1981, technology had created the decline and closure of the docks. • Containerisation decreased the need for many dockers. Goods arriving in the port now came in big containers and were loaded and unloaded by cranes needing less workers. • Larger ships could no longer reach the port. • The area has become virtually derelict, with few jobs, few amenities and poor living conditions. Environmental Improvements • 750 hectares of derelict land reclaimed • 200 000 trees planted and 130 hectares of open space created How did they attract new businesses? • They established the area as an Enterprise Zone – means businesses can trade tax free for the first 10 years. Land rents were also lowered. Economic Improvements • Jobs rose from 27 000 in 1981 to 90 000 in 2000 • Many new firms and institutions e.g. ITV studios • Many high rise office blocks • Docklands Light Railway links the area with central London • City Airport • Jubilee Line Underground Extension • Many new roads, including M11 link Was it a success for everyone? • local residents couldn’t afford the expensive flats • jobs in new high-tech industries are few in number and requires the skills that former dockers didn’t have • ‘yuppie’ newcomers didn’t mix with original ‘Eastenders’ – close knit communities broken up • not enough services provided e.g. hospitals and care for the elderly

21. ISSUE 3: TRAFFIC As we demand greater mobility and accessibility, the number of cars has increased (as a result of incomes increasing), as has the problem of traffic congestion. In the UK in 2002, only 27% of people had 1 or more cars, compared to 55% today. Strategies to reduce the use of cars include: Park and ride schemes Pedestrianising town/city centres Resident parking permit only zones Weight restriction zones (stop lorries accessing areas) Car sharing lanes Speed humps Congestion charging (e.g. London) Cycle/bus only lanes

22. ISSUE 4: MULTICULTURAL MIX Despite the apparent racial mix in many cities, a significant number of immigrants choose to live with people from similar areas and away from others with different ethnicity and culture. This is called segregation. Why do people of the same ethnic group choose to live near each other? Support from others People feel safe and secure when they can associate with other people from the same background. There is a sense of belonging and protection from racial abuse.

23. ISSUE 5: THE CBD (CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT) The rise of the motorcar and the cheapness of land at the edge of the city led to a rise in out of town shopping centres from the 1960's to 1980's.  Shopping centres such as The Trafford Centre, Manchester were developed and pose a threat to city centre shopping.  At the same time, a lack of investment in the CBD (central Business District) led to the dereliction of some buildings and a general decline in the shopping environment.

24. In addition, city centres suffered from crowding, poor air quality, a crime ridden image and poor parking availability.  There was genuine concern that many CBDs would not survive and that we would experience the urban doughnut effect (what is it?) Initiatives were put into place in order to try and protect and revitalise the CBDs of many cities e.g.

25. 4. The problems caused by urbanisation in LEDCs • Industrial accidents e.g. explosion at chemical plant, Bhopal, India • Air and noise pollution (e.g. from increasing car ownership) • Creation of electronic waste e.g. old PCs, monitors etc. • Untreated sewage (water pollution) in major rivers e.g. Ganges (from humans/cows, as well as cremated remains and chemicals) • Toxic waste from industry (particularly waste from the construction industry) • Growth of squatter settlements (lack of shelter) There are 3 main problems which need to be reduced in LEDCs: • WASTE DISPOSAL • AIR POLLUTION • WATER POLLUTION

26. WASTE DISPOSAL • Use of incinerators (Sao Paulo, Brazil burns 7,500 tonnes/day) • Safely disposing of toxic waste in MEDCs e.g. USA • Recycling plants need to be set up to dispose of e-waste AIR POLLUTION • Switching to cleaner, alternative sources of energy (used by industry) • Introduce fines (carbon taxes) to stop countries e.g. China and India using so much coal • Greater monitoring and safety checks to avoid disasters e.g. Bhopal • Limits need to be set and enforced on companies with regards to carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide emissions (fitting filters to industrial chimneys) • Transport strategies need to be considered e.g. reducing traffic in cities (congestion charges) and improving public transport WATER POLLUTION • Introduce water pollution limits e.g. the 1986 Ganga Action Plan successfully introduced water treatment works

27. 5. Issues for people who live in urban areas in LEDCs What , where and why are squatter settlements found? A squatter settlement is a slum settlement (sometimes illegal or unauthorised) of poor people who live in improvised dwellings made from scrap materials: often plywood, corrugated metal and sheets of plastic. Squatter settlements are usually found in LEDCs. They are often called favelas, bustees, shanties, slums etc. Often they will be found on steep hillsides, near roads, railway lines on the outskirts of a city.

28. There is no basic infrastructure e.g. sanitation (sewage disposal/ toilets), piped water, electricity and road access • Houses/shacks/dwellings are often very overcrowded • Water must be collected and paid for from a nearby source and carried back • Rubbish is not collected i.e. disease is common • Quality of life is poor • Crime is a problem • Children often do not go to school How can squatter settlements be improved? Self help schemes e.g. Sao Paulo (Brazil), Rocinha (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and Kibera (Nairobi, Kenya) occur where local authorities support the residents if the squatter settlements in improving their homes. Legal ownership of the land is sometimes given to encourage improvements to take place.

29. 6. Strategies to improve living conditions in squatter settlements Site and service schemes These are a more formal way of helping squatter settlement residents. Land is identified for the scheme. Water, sewage pipes and electricity lines are then supplied to marked plots. People then build homes with affordable materials at the time. They can then add to and improve these at a later date if they can afford to. Local authority schemes may take the form of large scale improvements made to squatter settlements or building new towns to reduce population pressure on cities e.g. 10th of Ramadan City, Cairo, Egypt. Here, high-rise blocks of flats, shops, a primary school and a mosque have been built. Industries were also planned to provide jobs for the new inhabitants. Was actually too far away from Cairo to be of any use…)

30. 7. How do you make urban areas sustainable? Build APPROPRIATE HOUSING in MEDCs and LEDCs. Tackle TRAFFIC problems. Improve public transport e.g. more frequent buses, freeze fares and extend bus lanes to quicken journeys. Address issue of POLLUTION (water, air and waste disposal). Recycle more waste, particularly household. Reduce waste – does so much supermarket food need plastic packaging? Will we need to incinerate more waste as landfill sites are filling up? Build on brownfield sites. Why? Protect open spaces from building developments, so that it can be used for recreational purpose. Consult local people at planning stages before decisions are made (if they feel involved, they are more likely to care for the building and environment in which they live)

31. 8. Sustainable Cities What is a sustainable city? A sustainable city is an urban area where residents have a way of life which will last a long time. The environment is not damaged and the city has a sound economic base (jobs) and there is a strong sense of community, with local people involved in decisions made. CASE STUDY: CURITIBA, BRAZIL (“a city for people, not cars”) In 1968, the Curitiba Master Plan was adopted to control urban sprawl, reduce traffic in the city centre, develop public transport and to preserve the historic sector. In a survey, it was found that 99% of Brazil’s inhabitants would like to live in Curitiba. .

32. Characteristics of Curitiba as a sustainable city • Curitiba has the highest recycling rate in the World – 70%. • Curitiba has a bus system that is so good that car traffic decreased by 30% even though the population trebled in a 20 year period • Curitiba has the largest downtown pedestrianised shopping area in the World. • Curitiba has built large numbers of beautiful parks to control floods rather than concrete canals. They use sheep to cut the grass as it’s cheaper than lawnmowers! • Curitiba’s average income per person has gone from less than the Brazilian average in the 1970’s to 66% greater than the Brazilian average. • How was this achieved? (what measures were put in place) • In the 1970s, the Mayor of Curitiba was crucial in putting together the following measures: • Built parks instead of canals to reduce flooding. • Pedestrianisedthe city centre. • Invented and built the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) – a bus system that works like a light rail system but is 10 times cheaper. • Gave people bus tokens in return for waste. • Started a massive recycling scheme – all initiated by children.

33. How would this be marked? Now you mark it (at the back of your booklet)

34. Level 1 (Basic) 1–4 marks • Simple statements, perhaps list like at lower end. • Some idea about what ecotourism is. • Some idea about how tourism can be sustainable. • Knowledge of basic information • Simple understanding • Few links; limited detail; uses a limited range of specialist terms

35. Level 2 (Clear) 5–8 marks • Develops statements. • Links are clearly made between the idea of ecotourism and how it can lead to sustainable development. • There are examples of this. • There may be the beginnings of explanation. • Knowledge of accurate information • Clear understanding

36. Level 3 (Detailed) 8–9 marks • Fully developed statements. • Will have a clear structure – likely to be determined by time scale • Detailed understanding, supported by relevant evidence and exemplars • Well organised, demonstrating detailed linkages and the inter-relationships between factors • Range of ideas in a logical form; uses a range of specialist terms where appropriate • Well structured response with effective use of sentences. Few spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors.

38. Tourism

39. Growth in tourism Internet= easy to book and cheaper More disposable income Reasons More paid holidays than in the past Countries are more attractive for tourist having invested in infrastructure. Unusual tourists destinations are better at marketing. Cheaper travel (particularly air travel) The number of international tourist arrivals has risen from 1950 to 2015, with a continued rise projected. There are many reasons for this increase such as the package holiday. Certain areas have also become more popular for certain reasons such as particular countries have invested in their tourism industry. Popularity of some areas is increasing Improvements in transport (no more week long trips to Australia)

40. Popular tourist places Cities, coasts and mountains are all popular tourist areas. They have many physical (natural) and human (man-made) attractions. Popular destinations include: New York, Paris, Rome and London Culture (museums, art galleries etc.) Cities Entertainment (bars, restaurants and theatres Shopping Coasts Beaches with activities such as swimming, snorkelling, fishing and water skiing Mountains Activities such as walking, climbing, skiing and snow boarding. Beautiful scenery Popular destinations include Spain, the Caribbean and Thailand Popular destinations include the Alps and the Rockies

41. Tourism is important for many countries economies especially poor countries who are very dependant on the industry. Importance of tourism It increases the income of other businesses that supply the tourism industry. For example the farms that supply the food. Tourism creates jobs for local people which helps the economy to grow as they pay taxes. Why is tourism important to the economies of many countries? Tourism is important to the economy in both rich and poor countries. Tourism in France generated 35 million Euros in 2006 and created two million jobs. Poorer countries tend to be more dependant on the income from tourism than richer ones. Tourism contributes to 3% of the UK’s GNP compared to 15% of Kenya’s.

42. In 2007 tourism contributed £114 billion to the economy. UK tourism There were 32 million overseas visitors in the UK in 2008. How does tourism contribute to the UK’s economy? Major events- big events can attract huge numbers of people. The UK is popular with tourists because of its countryside, historic landmarks, famous churches and cathedral and castles and palaces. Bad weather can discourage tourists from visiting especially if its very wet. In 2007 tourism employed over 1.4 million people in the UK London is particularly popular for its museums, theatres and shopping. World economy- in times of recession people tend to cut back on luxuries. It receives half of all the visitors to the UK. What external factors affect the UK tourism industry? Exchange rate- the value of currency affects how many tourists come if the £ is low then its cheaper. Terrorism and conflict- less people are prepared to visit affected areas.

43. Butler model The butler model shows how a tourist destination can change over time. The last three outcomes depend on the government of the area. Visitors number have peaked and begin to STAGNATE. Facilities are no longer as good and tourists have had a negative impact on the environment and are making the area less attractive. New facilities and the area attracts more visitors. The area has reached a period of CONSOLIDATION with tourism. It is still a large part of the economy but numbers are starting to level off. Fewer visitors come as the area is less attractive and so the area becomes run-down and tourism and the area DECLINES. The local government realises the potential of tourism and DEVELOPS the area. Control moves from the locals to big companies. There are more and more facilities built. The local people realise the economic potential or tourism and become INVOLVED. Small numbers of tourists begin to EXPLORE the area. There are few facilities.

44. Case study: Blackpool Exploration Involvement Located on the Lancashire coast in the north west of England, Blackpool became a major tourist centre during the 19th century to serve the inhabitants of the northern industrial towns. Development • Blackpool boomed between 1900 and 1950. • People’s disposable income increased = package holidays became competition for Blackpool. • Blackpool did attract some private investment and local authority grants = upgrade hotels, turn outdoor pools into indoor leisure centres and increase car-parking provision. Stagnation • Blackpool should have been quicker to fight the competition from package holidays. • It lost much of its family holiday business • The economy relied on day-trippers and stag and hen party business- not popular with residents and bad for the town’s image. Consolidation • Decline continued but more slowly. • Blackpool’s attractions still made it a little different to other resorts. The famous Blackpool tower the Tower Ballroom, and the Tower Circus. • The town upgraded its zoo and a sea life centre was built. Rejuvenation • Applied to the government to be the home of the UK’s super casino. This would have created 20,000 jobs, raised £2 billion. BUT THE VOTE WAS LOST. • The Blackpool Masterplan spent millions improving the town for the Casino bid, so the town now looks less run-down. A new department store opened in 2008.

45. UK tourism: The Lake District How can the problems be managed? Coping with extra traffic- public transport in the area is being improved. There are also campaigns to get people to use the new services, which offers them discounts at cafes. Coping with the erosion of footpaths- encouraging visitors to use other routes, resting particular popular areas and using hard wearing materials for paths. Protecting the wildlife and farmland- there are signs to remind visitors to take their litter home. There have also been campaigns to encourage visitors to use the countryside responsibly such as closing gates etc. • The lake district national park gets around 15 million visitors per year. • It is popular because: • Tourists come to enjoy the scenery- for example the large lakes and mountains. • There are many activities available- bird watching, walking, sailing, boat rides and rock climbing. • There are also cultural attractions- Beatrix Potter and Wordworth museums (poet). What problems does tourism cause? Traffic/congestion Noise pollution Litter Pollution Global warming Footpath erosion Habitat destruction The official tourism strategy for Cumbria is to attract and extra two million visitors by 2018. How did the area develop? Poets and painters discovered the area. The railway was invented allowing access. The invention of the car allowed more visitors and then the M6 was built giving direct access. Time share developments- properties are brought under shared ownership- this will increase tourism all year round. Wide scale marketing and advertising to make the area even more well known. How can the area keep attracting tourists? Farms will be encouraged to provide services like quad biking to attract more tourists, The strategy also aims to encourage tourism outside the Lakes in order to relieve some pressure on the main areas. Public transport will be improved to make the Lakes even more accessible.

46. Mass tourism Mass tourism is defined as organised tourism for large numbers of people visiting one destination. There are ways to reduce mass tourism: a) Improve public transport and encourage tourists to use it-reduces congestion and pollution. b) Limit the number of people visiting sensitive environments such as coral reefs c) Providing lots of bins helps reduce litter. • There are ways to make sure tourism is maintained (areas that rely heavily on tourism need to make sure they keep coming: • Build new facilities or improve existing ones. • Reduce any tourist impacts that make the area less attractive. • Advertise and market the area to attract new tourists • Improve transport infrastructure to make the area quick and easy to get to. • Offer new activities to attract different types of tourists. • Make it cheaper to visit- lower attraction fees.

47. Mass tourism: Jamaica Jamaica is a relatively poor country- its GDP is only about US$8000 per person per year, compared with the UK’s US$36 000. Tourism account for 45% of the money Jamaica earns from abroad (almost $2 billion in 2008). Therefore increasing tourism could help to raise the standard of living of Jamaica’s people. Honeypots are a consequence of mass tourism. People swarm like bees to beautiful attractions like Dunn’s river falls in Jamaica. Mass tourism has mostly affected the areas around Jamaica’s north coast resorts, east of Negril. They have become built up, congested and polluted. Most tourists arrive at Montego Bay’s international airport. Community tourism- local people running small-scale guesthouses. This helps to bring tourists to less developed towns, such as Port Antonio, without mass tourism’s negative effects. • The Jamaican government has been following a Master Plan, to try to develop sustainable tourism. Its three main ideas have been to: • Limit the development of mass tourism to existing resorts such as Ocho Rios. • Spread small-scale tourism to other parts of the island. • Involve the local people more. • Responsible tourism- • Local guides- takes visitors off the beaten track attractions. • Signposting local food and crafts- tourists are encouraged to buy from Jamaican traders. • Employment of local staff – this occurs in smaller inland hotels, they also use locally grown food. • Tourists and local people to communicate- this happens through Jamaican tourist board’s ‘Meet the People’ website initiative. This helps visitors and locals help each other, which is an important benefit. • Educating tourists and locals- this helps them both avoid the negative impacts.

48. Extreme tourism Improvements in transport- it is quicker and easier to get to these destinations. Why is tourism increasing in extreme environments? Why are extreme environments becoming more popular? More disposable income- these holidays are expensive by with more more people can afford them. TV programmes and advertising- these are making adventure holidays more expensive. The comfort factor- a lot of these places are seen from the comfort of a boat Why are tourists attracted? Scenery- some landscapes can only been seen in these environments such as icebergs. Adventure activities such as river rafting and trekking. Wildlife- certain wildlife like polar bears can only be found in these environments. Risk and danger- this is offered by the harsh conditions. • Tourism in extreme environments can cause serious problems because they are fragile environments with carefully balanced ecosystems. • For example in the Himalayas tourism can: • Causes trees to be cut down to provide fuel for trekkers which destroys animal habitats. • Deforestation also means there are fewer trees to intercept the rain. So there is more flooding. • Tree roots normally hold the soil together so deforestation also causes soil erosion. • The large numbers of tourists causes footpath erosion which can cause landslides. • Toilets are poor and non-existent so rivers become polluted by sewage Different and exciting- these holidays offer something that other people won’t have done.

49. Extreme tourism: Antarctica The Antarctic is becoming more popular with tourists. Antarctica is a continent in the south pole of which 98% is covered in ice. The number of visitors each year is rising. In 1996/1997 there were 7413 visitors and by 2007/2008 the number had increased to 46 000. Tourists are attracted by the stunning scenery (icebergs) and the wildlife (penguins and whales). • What are the environmental impacts of tourism? • Tourists can trample plants, disturb wildlife and drop litter. • There are fears that tourists could introduce non-native species or diseases which could wipe out species of wildlife. • Spillage of fuel ships is a potential threat- fuel spills kill marine and bird life. The Antarctic Treaty This is an international agreement that came into force in 1961 and has now been signed by 47 countries. The Treaty is designed to protect and conserve the area and its plant and animal life. In April 2009 those who signed the treaty agreed to introduce new limits on tourism- only ships with fewer than 500 passengers are allowed to land and a maximum of 100 passengers are allowed on shore at any one time. Supervision- tourists must stay with their guides and group. Litter- nothing can be left behind and no smoking during shore landings. Code of conduct- International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators Specially protected areas are off limits to tourists. Wildlife must not be disturbed when being observed. Waste- sewage must be treated biologically and other waste stay on board the ships. Plant life- tourists are educated not to walk on fragile plant life.

50. Eco-tourism does not destroy the environment and benefits the local people. It involves conservation (protecting and managing the environment) and stewardship (taking responsibility for conserving the environment and treating it as if it were our own). It is usually a small scale activity with only small numbers of tourists. Ecotourism Many eco-tourism schemes fund community projects such as schools. Local people have better and more stable incomes than in other jobs. Social Local people are encouraged to conserve their environment. Eco-tourism creates jobs for local people which helps the local economy grow. Waste that tourists produce is disposed of carefully to prevent pollution. Local people not directly involved in tourism can make money selling their produce to the industry. Environmental Economic It reduces poaching and hunting of endangered species since locals will benefit more from protecting them. Money from eco-tourism is put into the local economy. Eco-tourism projects try to reduce the use of fossil fuels-reduces global warming. Eco-tourism is considered sustainable because it improves the quality of life of the people but in a way that doesn't’t stop people in the future getting what they need. The money made goes into local projects and it does not damage the environment.