Medical Terminology

Medical Terminology Genitourinary System Chapter 12

Anatomy and Physiology • Structures • two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, urethra • monitors, regulates extracellular fluids • excretes harmful substances in urine • nitrogenous wastes (urea) • returns useful substances to bloodstream • maintain balance of water, electrolytes (salts), acids, pH in the body fluids

Macroscopic Structures • ren/o and nephr/o • cortex, medulla • renal artery, renal vein • renal pelvis • ureter • urethra

Excretion • urination • micturition • voiding

Microscopic Structures • nephron • glomerulus glomerul/o • renal pelvis pyel/ • filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Formation of Urine • blood filtered to glomerulus • capillary walls thin • blood pressure higher inside capillaries than in Bowman’s capsule

Formation of Urine • causes filtration of fluid into capsule • this fluid is initial urine and equivalentto protein free plasma

Formation of Urine • in healthy nephron, neither protein nor RBCs filter into capsule • in proximal tubule, most of nutrients and large amount of water reabsorbed back to capillaries • salts selectively reabsorbed according to body’s needs • water reabsorbed with salts

Formation of Urine • nitrogen-containing waste products of protein metabolism, urea and creatinine, pass on through tubules to be excreted in urine • urine from all collecting ducts empties into renal pelvis • urine moves down ureters to bladder • empties via urethra

An obstruction along this path can set the stage for infection. Obstruction may be kidney stone; enlarged prostate gland; or tumor. • Any blockage causes stasisand diminished flow of urine, and bacteria thrive in the stagnant fluid

Male Reproductive System • Functions • produce sperm • transport viable sperm

Testes or testicles • seminiferous tubules • produce sperm • secrete testosterone • Scrotum or scrotal sac • epididymis • stores sperm • vas deferens • ejaculatory duct

Urethra and Penis • Urethra is the common reproductive and urinary channel • Penis is the male sex organ that transports sperm into the female vagina • glans penis covered by prepuce or foreskin • prepuce or foreskin removed during circumcision

Pathology of the Urinary System

Pyelonephritis • caused by pyogenicE. coli, Streptocci, Staphylococci • infections usually ascend that originate in lower tract or may be descending infection carried by bloodstream or lymph • any obstruction paves way for infection due to stagnation of urine • bacteriuria, pyuria, hematuria

Acute Glomerulonephritis • common, children and young adults • often from previous streptococcal infection; strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever. • chills, fever, anorexia, malaise, edema • albuminuria, hematuria, casts often present • a degenerative inflammation of glomeruli

Glomerular membrane inflammed • permeable, proteinuria, casts • May have repeated episodes called • chronic glomerulonephritis

Nephrolithiasis • Dissolved urine salts begin to solidify • asymptomatic • size increase may result in obstruction • intense radiating pain from kidney area to groin - colic • stone may block flow of urine • hydronephrosis

Nephrolithiasis • can be partially dissolved by medication then passed • may be crushed by lithotripsy • if immersed in water - hydrolithotripsy • if performed out of water - nephrotripsy • nephrolith, nephrolithiasis, ureterolith, cystolith

Bladder Neck Obstruction • Blockage of bladder outlet • causes • prostatic hypertrophy • calculus, blood clot, tumor • cystitis

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia • Prostate enlarges and decreases size of urethral lumen • Retained urine - cystitis - nephritis • transurethral resection (TURP)

Acute Tubular Necrosis • Ischemia, Nephrotoxic injury • oliguria • hypercalcemia

Carcinoma of the Prostate • dysuria, frequency, hematuria • bilateral orchiectomy

End of Chapter 12 Chapter 9 Genitourinary System

Medical Terminology