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Medical Terminology

Medical Terminology. And Frequently Used Abbreviations. Objectives. The student will be able to analyze medical terminology to determine the meaning of medical terms describing patients ’ conditions, symptoms, diagnostic tests and surgical procedures

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Medical Terminology

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  1. Medical Terminology And Frequently Used Abbreviations

  2. Objectives • The student will be able to analyze medical terminology to determine the meaning of medical terms describing patients’ conditions, symptoms, diagnostic tests and surgical procedures • The student will be able to understand commonly used medical abbreviations • The student will be able to list certain abbreviations which are to be avoided.

  3. Medical Terms You Probably Know • Appendectomy • Tonsillitis • Inflammation • Umbilical • Mammogram

  4. Medical Terms You Will Be Able to analyze and understand after this class • EGD or Esophagogastroduodenoscopy • ERCP or Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography • Nephrolithiasis • Hip Arthroplasty and Hip Arthroscopy • Hemoptysis • Thoracentesis • Hyperplasia • Tachycardia • Pneumonectomy • BSO or Bilateral Salpingoophorectomy

  5. Categories of Medical Terms • Descriptive: describes the shape, color, size, function • Example: Erythrocyte (Erythr means red, cyte means cell) • Eponyms: terms named after a person (usually the first person to discovered or described a disease or organ) • Example: Eustachian tubes are named after Bartolommeo Eustachii; Alzheimer’s disease is named after Alois Alzheimer, MD.

  6. Categories of Medical Terms • 3. Acronyms: An abbreviation that forms a pronouncible word • Examples: • CAT or computerized axial tomography • SOAP: subjective, objective, analysis, plan • CABG: coronary artery bypass graft • PERRLA: pupils equally round, reactive to light and accommodation

  7. Test • How did we get the name “Foley Catheter”

  8. Test • How did we get the name “Salmonella”?

  9. Answers • Dr. Frederick Foley (1891-1966) • Dr. Daniel Salmon (1850-1914)

  10. Test: Acronyms • What do you think the initials PICU stand for? • How about GERD?

  11. Basic Parts of Medical Words • Roots: usually the middle of the word and its central meaning • Prefix: a syllable at the beginning of the word which usually identifies some subdivision or part of the central meaning • Suffix: comes at the end of the central meaning and refers to what or who is interacting or what is happening regarding it.

  12. Example • Myocarditis • Root: card (referring to the heart) • Prefix: myo (referring to the muscle) • Suffix: itis (inflammation) Meaning: inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix, back to the beginning of the term, and then across.

  13. Myocarditis

  14. Changes • Prefix change: Pericarditis (inflammation of the outer layer of the heart) Endocartitis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart) • Suffix change: Cardiologist ( a physician specializing in the heart) Cardiomyopathy (damage to heart muscle layer) Cardiomegaly (enlargement of the heart)

  15. Pericarditis

  16. Endocarditis

  17. Also: Combining vowels • Usually is the letter “O” but may be A, E, I, U or Y • Usually has no meaning of its own but is used to connect the root and the suffix or two roots and two suffixes • Example: ELECTR O CARDI O GRAM GASTR O ENTER ITIS

  18. Examples • GASTR O ENTER O LOGY (ROOT) (ROOT) (SUFFIX) • GASTR O SCOPE (ROOT) (SUFFIX) • GASTR IC (ROOT) (SUFFIX) • GASTR O ENTER ITIS (ROOT) (ROOT) (SUFFIX)

  19. Plurals • Words ending in a, retain theaadd ae : vertebra - vertebrae • Words ending in is, drop the is and add es: Diagnosis - diagnoses • Words ending in ex or ix, drop the ex or ix and add ices: apex - apices • Words ending in on, drop the on and add a: ganglion - ganglia 5. Words ending in um, drop the um and add a: bacterium - bacteria • Words ending in us, drip the us and add i: bronchus - bronchi

  20. Terms for Body Systems: Cardiovascular • angi/o vessel • aorto/o aorta • arteri/o artery • cardi/o heart • coron/o heart • phleb/o vein • ven/o vein

  21. Terms for Body Systems: Digestive • an/o anus • append/o appendix • cholecyst/o gallbladder • col/o colon • duoden/o duodenum • esophag/o esophagus • gastr/o stomach • hepat/o liver • ile/o ileum

  22. Terms for Body Systems: Digestive • jejun/o jejunum • or/o mouth • pancreat/o pancreas • pharyng/o pharynx • proct/o anus and rectum • rect/o rectum • sigmoid/o sigmoid • stomat/o mouth

  23. Terms for Body Systems: Endocrine • adren/o adrenal • hypophys/o pituitary • oophor/o ovary • ovari/o ovarian • orchi/o testis • pancreat/o pancreas • parathyroid/o parathyroid • pituitar/o pituitary • thym/o thymus • thyroid/o thyroid

  24. Terms for Body Systems: Reproductive • cervic/o cervix • vagin/o vagina • hyster/o uterus • mamm/o breast • uter/o uterine • oophor/o ovary • salping/o fallopian tube • balan/o penis • orch/o testis • prostat/o prostate • scrot/o scrotum

  25. Terms for Body Systems: Musculoskeletal • arthr/o joint • chondr/o cartilage • cost/o rib • crani/o skull • ligament/o ligament • my/o muscle • muscul/o muscle • myel/o bone marrow • oste/o bone • pelv/o pelvis • vertebr/o vertebra

  26. Terms for Body Systems: Nervous System • cerebell/o cerebellum • cerebr/o cerebrum • encephal/o brain • medull/o medulla • myel/o spinal cord • neur/o nerve

  27. Terms for Body Systems: Respiratory • alveol/o alveolar • bronch/o bronchial tube • cyan/o blue • laryng/o larynx • nas/o nose • rhin/o nose • pharyng/o pharynx • phren/o diaphragm • pneumon/o lung • tonsill/o tonsils • trache/o trachea

  28. Terms for Body Systems: Eye, Ear, Nails, Skin • aur/o ear • ot/o ear • cutane/o skin • derm/o skin • myring/o eardrum • ocul/o eye • onych/o nail • ophthalm/o eye • pil/o hair • retin/o retina • trich/o hair • ungu/o nail

  29. Terms for Body Systems: Urinary • cyst/o urinary bladder • nephr/o kidney • ren/o renal • pyl/o renal pelvis • ureter/o ureter • urethr/o urethra

  30. Test: Identify the type of specialist • Neurolgist • Orthopedist • Pathologist • Urologist • Pulmonologist

  31. Prefixes: At the beginning of a word PrefixMeaningExample • A, an no, not, without Apnea • Ab away from abduction • Ad toward adduction • Ana up, apart analysis • Ante before, forward antepartum • Anti against antibody • Bi two, both bilateral

  32. Prefixes • Brady slow bradycardia • Circum around circumoral • Con with, together congenital • Contra against contraindicated • Dia complete diarrhea • Dys bad, painful, difficult dysuria abnormal dyspnea

  33. Prefixes • Ec out, outside ectopic pregnancy • Endo within, in, inner endoscopy • Epi above, upon epidermis • Ex out excision • Extra extra extrahepatic • Hemi half hemiplegia • Hyper too much, above hyperthyroidism • Hypo deficient, too little hypothermia

  34. Prefixes • In in, into incision • Inter between intervertebral • Intra within intravenous • Mal bad malignant • Mega big megakaryocyte • Meta change, beyond metastasis • Micro small microscopic • Neo new neonatal

  35. Prefixes • Para beside, near, alongside of parathyroid • Peri surrounding periosteum • Poly many, much polyuria • Post after, behind postpartum • Pre before precancerous • Pro before, forward prolapse • Pros before, forward prosthesis

  36. Prefixes • Quadri four quadriplegia • Re back, behind relapse • Retro back, behind retroperitoneal • Sub under, less than subcutaneous • Syn with, together syndrome • Tachy Fast tachycardia • Trans across, through transabdominal • Tri three tricuspid valve

  37. Suffixes: at the end of a word • SUFFIXMEANINGEXAMPLE • al pertaining to neural • algia pain arthralgia • cyte cell leukocyte • ectomy removal, excision gastrectomy • emia blood condition leukemia • globin protein hemoglobin • gram record (xray) arthrogram • ia condition hyperglycemia • ic pertaining to gastric

  38. Suffixes • ism condition, process hypothyroidism • itis inflammation appendicitis • logist specialist in the neurologist study of • logy study of neurology • oma tumor, mass hepatoma • opsy to view biopsy • osis abnormal condition nephrosis • plasty surgical repair arthroplasty (with hardware)

  39. Suffixes • scope visual exam with gastroscope an instrument • scopy visual exam arthroscopy • (with an instrument) • sis state of prognosis • tomy cutting into, appendectomy incision • uni one unilateral

  40. Test • What do you think is the name of the surgical procedure pictured in the next slide?

  41. Common abbreviations • Abd abdomen • Ac before meals • Ad lib freely as desired • AKA above the knee amputation • A & O alert and oriented • Assist assistance • BKA below the knee amputation • Bid twice a day

  42. Common abbreviations • Bm bowel movement • BP blood pressure • BS bowel sounds, breath sounds, blood sugar • BSC bedside commode • bx biopsy • ˉc with • CBC complete blood count • Cath catheter • Cm centimeter • c/o complains of

  43. Common abbreviations • CO2 carbon dioxide • C&S culture and sensitivity • CXR chest x-ray • D/C discontinue, discharge • DNR do not resuscitate • DOB date of birth • DOE dyspnea on exertion • Dx diagnosis

  44. Common abbreviations • F/U follow-up • Fx fracture • G gram • GI gastrointestinal • Hr hour • Hbg hemoglobin • Hct hematocrit • Hx history

  45. Common abbreviations • I & D incision and drainage • I & O intake and output • IM intramuscular • IV intravenous • K potassium • L left • Lat lateral • LOC level of consciousness • LQ lower quadrant (of abdomen)

  46. Common abbreviations • m meter; milli (one thousandth) • mg milligram • ml millileter • mm millimeter • Na sodium • NKA no known allergies • N & V nausea and vomiting • O2 oxygen • OOB out of be

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