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The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment. Causes of Revolution. What are the main ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers? How do they challenge the powers of Absolute Monarchs?  . Objectives. John Locke. Voltaire. Thomas Hobbes. So… What are the main ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers?

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The Enlightenment

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  1. The Enlightenment Causes of Revolution

  2. What are the main ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers? • How do they challenge the powers of Absolute Monarchs?   • Objectives John Locke Voltaire Thomas Hobbes

  3. So… • What are the main ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers? • How do they challenge the powers of Absolute Monarchs?   Conclusion & Connections

  4. Leviathan (1651) • Englishman • Man motivated by power & fear –> needed an all-powerful sovereign • Without one, life would be “solitary, nasty, poor, brutish & short” • Politics as a science Thomas Hobbes

  5. John Locke • Individual must become rational, man innately good – TABULA RASA • Virtue can be learned & practiced • “Divine right of kings” is nonexistent • “Two Treaties of Civil Government” • Natural rights given to all • Life, liberty & property • Favored a republic • Social contract btw people & government (what is influenced by this idea??)

  6. 1st of the French Philosophes • “The Spirit of the Laws” (1749) • Separation of powers ensures freedom & liberty • 3 types of government= monarchy, despotism & republic Baron de Montesquieu (Charles de Secondat)

  7. Author & poet • “Candide” (1759) • Men are born equal-virtue makes the difference • Directly critiqued French crown so fled Voltaire (AKA Francois Marie Arouet)

  8. Jean Jacques Rousseau • “The Social Contract” (1762) • Virtue exists in nature, not in society • “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.” • Government is necessary • Liberty, equality, fraternity (brotherhood) • General will= with each other, not rulers • Republican government with direct democracy • No legal protections for individual rights • Influenced French revolutionaries & Karl Marx

  9. Vindication of the Rights of Woman • English writer, philosopher • Men & women are equal Mary Wollstonecraft

  10. Salons

  11. New forms of civil society arose • Reform & critique couldn’t stop • Birth of the “individual” • Natural rights • Implications?? Aftermath…Revolution?

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