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Chapter 18 Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health

Personality Psychology. Chapter 18 Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health. Health Psychology. Does personality type really predispose us to disease? Do people with various illnesses develop some of the same personality traits? How do stress and trauma affect personality?

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Chapter 18 Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health

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  1. Personality Psychology Chapter 18 Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health

  2. Health Psychology • Does personality type really predispose us to disease? • Do people with various illnesses develop some of the same personality traits? • How do stress and trauma affect personality? • How do our personalities influence the ways in which we handle stress and trauma?

  3. Health Psychology • Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) • Type B Behavior Pattern (TBBP) • Type C Behavior Pattern (TCBP)

  4. Personality and Cardiovascular Disease Type A Behavior (Friedman and Rosenman, 1974) • A syndrome of several traits: • Achievement motivation and competitiveness • Time urgency • Hostility and aggressiveness

  5. Personality and Cardiovascular Disease Type A Behavior • Early research found a relationship between Type A and risk for heart attack • Later research couldn’t replicate—why? • What part of Type A is most lethal?

  6. Personality and Cardiovascular Disease Hostility Is it the specific trait of Hostility, rather than the general syndrome of Type A, that is a better predictor of heart disease?

  7. Personality and Cardiovascular Disease Hostility • The “toxic-core” • Most significant feature for risk of heart disease and mortality • Explosive reaction to stress • Some theorists distinguish from “Type A” and call “Type H” • More noncompliant with medical advice

  8. Personality and Cardiovascular Disease How Are the Arteries Damaged by Hostility? • Flight or fight increases blood pressure • More blood going through small arteries • Arteriosclerosis

  9. Personality and Disease Type B The absence of Type A behaviors; more relaxed and “laid-back”

  10. Personality and Disease Type C • “Cancer-prone personality” • Suppression of emotion • Compliant and conforming • Arousal  Heightened activity  No outlet  Remain in state of heightened activation  Reduction of immune system functioning  Greater vulnerability to disease

  11. Coping Strategies and Styles Disclosure and Telling Secrets • Keeping things to ourselves can be a source of stress • Getting something “off your chest” can be a relief from stress which can benefit your health

  12. Models for Personality Behavior Patterns

  13. Models for Personality Behavior Patterns

  14. Models for Personality Behavior Patterns

  15. Models of Personality-Illness • Interactional Model • Transactional Model • Health Behavior Model • Predisposition Model • Illness Behavior Model

  16. Two kinds of appraisal in the Transactional Model Primary and Secondary Appraisal • Primary Appraisal: person perceives that the event is a threat • Secondary Appraisal: person concludes that they don’t have resources to cope with the threatening event

  17. Coping Strategies and Styles Attribution Style • The dispositional way of explaining the causes of bad events • External vs. Internal • Unstable vs. Stable • Specific vs. Global

  18. Coping Strategies and Styles Optimism and Physical Well-Being • Optimistic appraisal has been shown to predict: • Good health • Immune system functioning • Faster rehabilitation • Living longer

  19. The Concept of Stress • A subjective feeling that is produced by uncontrollable and threatening events • Must have both primary and secondary appraisal to qualify as “stress” • Stressors: • Extreme in some manner • Produce opposing tendencies • Are outside of our power to influence

  20. The Concept of Stress Daily Hassles • Minor sources of stress in most peoples’ lives are termed “daily hassles” • Like major events, people with a lot of minor stress suffer more than expected from psychological and physical symptoms

  21. The Concept of Stress Major Life Events • Point system of determining stress levels • Most points = most likely to have a serious illness

  22. When is Stress Overwhelming? The Stress Response • When the body endures a prolonged “Flight or Fight” response • General Adaptation Syndrome • Alarm • Resistance • Exhaustion • Breakdown in immune functioning, strength of cardiovascular system

  23. Trauma and Personality • Definition of trauma • Those at increased risk for slow post-trauma recovery: • Outside factors • Personality factors

  24. Coping with trauma • Coping and personality characteristics • Pennebaker’s research on illness support groups • Changes in personality due to trauma • Tedeschi’s research on “post-traumatic growth” • Coping strategies • Changing attribution style • Disclosure: Pennebaker’s research • Managing emotions

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