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National Infrared Operations Program

National Infrared Operations Program. Fire Detection Workshop Hinton, Alberta CA March 2003. Thomas Zajkowski USDA Forest Service Remote Sensing Applications Center Salt Lake City, Utah. http://fsweb.rsac.fs.fed.us (801) 975-3750. 2002 Wildland Fire Season.

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National Infrared Operations Program

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  1. National Infrared Operations Program Fire Detection Workshop Hinton, Alberta CA March 2003 Thomas Zajkowski USDA Forest Service Remote Sensing Applications Center Salt Lake City, Utah http://fsweb.rsac.fs.fed.us (801) 975-3750

  2. 2002 Wildland Fire Season • Even though 99% of all fires were suppressed in initial attack, 609 of 68,230 fires became large fire incidents • 28,000 firefighters and support personnel were assigned to fire suppression activities by early July • International support came from Australia, New Zealand, and Canada

  3. U.S. Fire History 2002 Fire Season is approximately 6,700,000 acres

  4. Fire Costs by Federal Agency

  5. “… forest fire detection is not a simple thermal mapping job. To be effective, this system must find the fire targets when they are very small and distributed over vast land areas. The fire targets must be precisely located to be of any use to fire suppression forces.” Airborne Infrared Forest Fire Detection System: Final Report, 1971. Background

  6. Forest Service and IR • First project, FireScan began in 1962 • Continuous operational deployment since 1967 • Development of Mouse Trap FLIR 1984 • Numerous papers, and technical reports • Continuous evaluation of commercial, scientific, and military systems

  7. National Infrared Operations Program • Based at the National Interagency Fire Center in Boise ID. • Presently there are 2 aircraft and 3 sensors • Full time staff consists of 2 IR technicians, and 4 pilots. • During the summer 4 IR technicians and nearly 200 Infrared interpreters help collect and interpret the data.

  8. National Infrared Operations Program 2002 statistics • Over 778 missions flown • 1400 flight hours • Peak 29 fires per night • 17 107Z • 12 100Z • Average 3 to 5 missions per aircraft • Nearly 85% of all request were accomplished.

  9. NIROPS Aircraft Cessna Citation Bravo – N100Z Beechcraft King Air 200 – N107Z

  10. Aerial Line Scanning

  11. Film Strips Analog Electronics 3-5µm, 8-12µm detectors IR Scanner 120° FOV 200 lps FLAME – Fire Logistics Airborne Mapping EquipmentEarly 1980s -------- RS-25 -------- --------- FLAME --------- • FLAME • Completely analog system • Output is 5-inch film strips

  12. Phoenix DSP – Early 2000s to Future ------------ RS-25 ------------ ------------ Phoenix DSP ----------- Strip Charts Digital Processing Data Logs PC Rectified Images A/D and DSP 3-5µm, 8-12µm detectors IR Scanner 120° FOV 200 lps • Phoenix DSP • Removes all analog electronics; now completely digital • Integrates wider FOV scanner • Moves some image processing to ground computers; dual outputs • Replaces gyros/inclinometers with integrated GPS/IMU

  13. Phoenix IntegrationCessna Citation Bravo – N100Z

  14. (U) Forest Service Airborne Thermal Imagery

  15. PHOENIX Imagery 1670 Pixels Wide by XXX Long GeoTIFF file format

  16. Why a Typing Scheme NOW? • Requested by Incident Commanders • Need to know which Infrared System to choose for a particular situation. • IR is not IR • Save time and money!

  17. Typing System. What is it good for? • Sets realistic expectation of IR technology for Incident Commanders. • Defines a common language between firefighters and technical staff • Sets Guidelines for what is expected from a vendor.

  18. What it is NOT! • Rigid regulations • Hindrance to technology development • Barriers for commercial vendors

  19. Based on the helicopter typing scheme • Three types • Based on fire detection sensitivity, area coverage, and data products. • Modifiers designate special capabilities

  20. Viewing Spatial Resolution Positional Accuracy Fire Detection Sensitivity Fire Detection Accuracy Production Over Sampling Bands Product(s) IR Typing Criteria Modifying Criteria: Real time downlink Digital output Airdrops Day only Night only 3-5 micron band 8-14 micron band

  21. Type 3 • Single band usually 3-5 or 8-12 um • Might not have any data output other than what shows up on the units display • Three categories • Type 3c: Handheld units • Type 3b: Without geo-correction • Type 3a: With geo-correction

  22. GPS Antenna Digital Data Error Trulove’s Favorite Soap Box • Potential data error • No way to check data • Laser ranging or other means of geo-locating the fire

  23. FLIR Line Scanner

  24. Type 2 • Typically mounted on fixed wing aircraft • Nadir viewing • Higher production rates than Type 3 sensors • More than on band although usually only one thermal band • Focal plane arrays, multi-camera systems, line scanners

  25. Geo-correcting Imagery • Must solve for six degrees of freedom • X,Y, and Z position in space • Roll, Pitch, and Yaw

  26. Terrain Elevation “Flat Earth” Leads to Positional Error Geo-correcting Imagery • One more thing needed… • Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

  27. Private Sector Thermal Imaging SystemHayman Fire, Colorado - 19 June 2002

  28. Private Sector Thermal Imaging SystemHayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002

  29. Private Sector Thermal Imaging System Hayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002

  30. Coverage of Thermal Imaging Systems Hayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002 Forest Service National Airborne System Swath Width Private Sector System Swath Width

  31. Type 1 • Highest production rates • Multi-thermal bands

  32. Thermal Infrared – Why two bands? Two bands of interest: 3-5 micron, and 8-14 micron 3-5 micron band is much more sensitive to “hot” fire, but becomes saturated easily – loss of background detail 8-14 micron band better for background terrain, but not as sensitive to fire.

  33. Questions/Discussion

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