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Vowels: other considerations. Diphthongs ATR Rhoticity Length. Diphthongs. Two-vowel sequence. [oi]. [ij] and [uw]. [ai]. [ei] and [ou]. [au]. Diphthongs. Make up one syllable “naïve” and “knife” “employ” and “employee”. Diphthongs. ATR. Advanced tongue root
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Vowels: other considerations • Diphthongs • ATR • Rhoticity • Length
Diphthongs • Two-vowel sequence [oi] [ij] and [uw] [ai] [ei] and [ou] [au]
Diphthongs • Make up one syllable • “naïve” and “knife” • “employ” and “employee”
ATR • Advanced tongue root • Tongue root is more forward • Larynx is lowered pharynx is enlarged
ATR • ATR in Igbo • Examples from Akan (Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996)
Rhoticity • Rhoticized means “r-colored” • “bird” “park” “fur” “assert” • Different articulations • Tongue tip raised (like retroflex) • Tongue tip lowered with tongue body bunched up
Rhoticity • Six different English speakers showing the “bunched up” style (Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996)
Length • Arabic, Vietnamese, Hindi, German… Mixe
Vowel inventory • Five- and seven-vowel systems are most common Spanish Yiddish Italian
Vowel inventory • Some languages have many more French (plus nasals) English (plus diphthongs)
Vowels and orthography • No vowel indication • Semitic languages • Auxiliary vowel indication • (the same) Semitic languages • Inherent vowel indication • Indian languages • Independent vowel indication • English
No or auxiliary vowel indication • Vn thgh ths sntnc hs n vwls y cn stll ndrstnd wht t sys
Inherent vowel indication • Each grapheme includes a vowel (usually schwa) • Gujarati