ENGLISH VOCABULARY

1. ENGLISH VOCABULARY • PARTS OF SPEECH

2. Why Learn Parts of Speech?

3. Why Learn Parts of Speech? • They are the building blocks of English grammar. • Understanding and applying a process is learning to learn. • It is a foundation to improve your writing.

4. Verbs Pronouns Prepositions Eight Parts of Speech Nouns Interjections Adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions

5. A Person Word that names Noun : • A Place • A Thing • An Idea

6. Kinds of Nouns

7. Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas. Example: John has a new car, and he parks on the street under a big tree in Filer. Nouns

8. Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas. Often indicated by “noun markers” -- a, an, and the. Example: The boy on the red bike hit abird with arock at theend of the long road. Nouns

9. Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas. “Noun markers” -- a, an, and the. Noun endings: -ness, -ment, -ance, -ence, -ancy, -ency, -ity, -ion, -ure. Example: Happiness is the preference of every action and is the tendency toward kindness and contentment. Nouns

10. Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas. “Noun markers” -- a, an, and the. Noun endings: -ness, -ment, -ance, -ence, -ancy, -ency, -ity, -ion, -ure. Can be made plural with s or es. Example: The needs of the masses may conflict with expectations of the members of legislative bodies. Nouns

11. Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas. “Noun markers” -- a, an, and the. Noun endings: -ness, -ment, -ance, -ence, -ancy, -ency, -ity, -ion, -ure. Can be made plural with s or es. Nouns

12. The Verb A word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement Action “be” verbs & taste feel sound look appear become seem grow remain stay Subject Linking predicate

13. Every sentence must have VERB a

14. Action verbs express mental or physical action. Linking verbs make a statement by connecting the subject with a word that describes or explains it. Kinds of Verbs He rode the horse to victory. He has been sick.

15. VERB • A verb tells what the noun does or is… • An action verb tells you that “She dances.” • A linking or state of • being verb tells you that • “The monster is ugly.”

16. The action or “doing” words in a sentence. The horse ran, jumped and kicked until it threw the rider. Most verbs make sense in the blanks below: He _________. They ________. Verbs

17. The action or “doing” words in a sentence. “Linking verbs” show being. Example: She is a nice person, and we are her friends. Memorize the linking verbs: Be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being. Verbs

18. The action or “doing” words in a sentence. “Linking verbs” show being. Change to show time (tense). Example: Today I am on a bus, and it goes past my house. Yesterday I was on a bus, and it went past my house. The words that change are verbs. Verbs

19. The action or “doing” words in a sentence. “Linking verbs” show being. Change to show time (tense). Complete verbs include “helping verbs.” Always helping verbs: Can Will Shall May Could Would Should Might Must Always verbs, may be helping: Have, has, had Do, does, did, done Be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being Verbs

20. The action or “doing” words in a sentence. “Linking verbs” show being. Change to show time (tense). Complete verbs include “helping verbs.” Example: They mighthavebeengoing to the store if they couldhavegotten a ride. Verbs

21. The action or “doing” words in a sentence. “Linking verbs” show being. Change to show time (tense). Complete verbs include “helping verbs.” Verbs

22. The Pronoun The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea. Indefinite Pronouns anybody each either none someone, one, etc. Demonstrative Pronouns this that these those Personal Pronouns I, me, mine you, your, yours she, her, hers, it, its we,us, our, ours they, them, their, theirs myself yourself Interrogative Pronouns who whom what which whose

23. Specialized words to take the place of nouns. Example: Paul gave Emily stationery because he wanted her to write to him when she could. Pronouns

24. Specialized words to take the place of nouns. Often refer to people and have several forms. Memorize: I he we she they me him us her them Other common pronouns: you, it, this, that, who, what, someone, everything, anyone, and many other similar words. Pronouns

25. Specialized words to take the place of nouns. Often refer to people and have several forms. May be possessive, showing ownership and working like an adjective. Example: Her red car is faster than my old Ford, but their new Honda cost more than ours. Note the form: I he we she they me him us her them my his our hers theirs Others: yours, its, whose Pronouns

26. Specialized words to take the place of nouns. Often refer to people and have several forms. May be possessive, showing ownership and working like an adjective. Pronouns

27. The Adjective Modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Answers these questions: Did you lose your address book? Which? Is that a woolsweater? What kind? Just give me fiveminutes. How many?

28. Describe or modify only nouns. Example: A big, reddumptruck hit a parked littlecar and the worrieddriver ran to the otherside of the busystreet. Adjectives

29. Describe or modify only nouns. Answer questions, “what kind?” or “how many?” Example: The three tired teens tried to eat a large pie at two pizza parlors. How many teens? three What kind of teens? tired What kind of pie? large How many parlors? two What kind of parlors? pizza Adjectives

30. Describe or modify only nouns. Answer questions, “what kind?” or “how many?” The “noun markers” a, an, the are always adjectives. Example: The way to a smile and an appreciative attitude is through the stomach. Adjectives

31. Describe or modify only nouns. Answer questions, “what kind?” or “how many?” The “noun markers” a, an, the are always adjectives. Usually “piled up” before nouns. Example: Thelong, shinyblack limousine pulled in front of thehugeold mansion, and atall, well-dressedolder gentleman got out. Adjectives

32. Describe or modify only nouns. Answer questions, “what kind?” or “how many?” The “noun markers” a, an, the are always adjectives. Usually “piled up” before nouns. May follow linking verbs and describe the subject. Example: The river is deep, wide and cold, but the divers are brave and well-trained. Note: to test these, try putting them in front of the noun they modify. Adjectives

33. Describe or modify only nouns. Answer questions, “what kind?” or “how many?” The “noun markers” a, an, the are always adjectives. Usually “piled up” before nouns. May follow linking verbs and describe the subject. Adjectives

34. The Adverb Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Answers the questions: How? He ran quickly. When? She left yesterday. We went there. Where? It was too hot! To what degree or how much?

35. Kinds of Adverbs Interrogative Adverbs introduce questions How did you break your leg? How? When does your plane leave? When? How often do you run? How often? Where? Where did you put the mouse trap?

36. Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. She quicklyranto her extremelytiredfriend and gave him averybighug. Adverbs

37. Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Answer the adverb questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what conditions? Soon the very able pilot confidently flew west, and thus he almost crashed. When? soon Where? west How? very,confidently Why? thus What conditions? almost Adverbs

38. Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Answer the adverb questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what conditions? Often end in -ly Example: The extremely hungry animal howled eerily in the especially dark night. Adverbs

39. Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Answer the adverb questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what conditions? Often end in -ly Always adverbs: not very, often, here, almost, always, never, there Example: We do notveryoften want them here, for they are always late and almostnever want to go there with us. Adverbs

40. Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Answer the adverb questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what conditions? Often end in -ly Always adverbs: not very, often, here, almost, always, never, there Adverbs

41. The Preposition A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence as a noun. The word or word group that the preposition introduces is itsobject. They received a postcard from Bobby telling about his tripto Canada.

42. The prepositionnever stands alone! noun object of preposition preposition pronoun object You can press those leaves underglass. preposition can have more than one object Her telegram toNina and Ralph brought good news. object can have modifiers It happened during the last examination.

43. Some Common Prepositions behind below beneath beside between beyond by down during except for from in into like of off on over past since through throughout to toward under underneath until up upon with within without aboard about above across after against along among around at before

44. Specialized words to start prepositional phrases. A prepositional phrase is a group of words describing things which starts with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. The manon the bus with a hat on his head looked at me and turnedtoward the window. Prepositions

45. Specialized words to start prepositional phrases. Most prepositions are small, common words indicating time, place or position. Memory clue: The rabbit went _____ the hollow log. Memorize: at, from, to, on, in, into, onto, between, under, over, against, around, through Prepositions

46. Specialized words to start prepositional phrases. Most prepositions are small, common words indicating time, place or position. Some prepositions simply must be memorized. Example: The problemwith him is that he sleeps during the day and spends mostof the night with his friends. Memorize: of, with, for, during Prepositions

47. Specialized words to start prepositional phrases. Most prepositions are small, common words indicating time, place or position. Some prepositions simply must be memorized. Prepositions

48. The conjunction A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words. or and neither/nor either/or but

49. Words which “hook” words, phrases, or sentences. Memory clue: FAN BOYS. For But And Or Nor Yet So Example: She and I left, but they stayed, for Joe or Ted was coming on the bus, yet not on time. Conjunctions

50. Words which “hook together” words, phrases, or sentences. Some conjunctions only hook clauses. They include: when, as, if, since, because, while, after, although, before Example: I ran when I saw her because I was happy since she was home. Memory clue: She is cute _____ she smiles. Conjunctions