Happy Thursday!

1. Happy Thursday! • Take out your homework (Columbian Exchange Mix and Match) so I can come around and check it • My whiteboards have officially died so here is the schedule for today: • Leadership in Jamestown activity • Jamestown notes • Postcards from Jamestown • HOMEWORK: FINISH YOUR POSTCARD

2. Exploration and Colonization Jamestown

3. Jamestown • First permanent English settlement in North America- 1607 • Joint-stock company- investors pool their money to fund the colony • Virginia Company of London • Settled by people seeking economic opportunities • “Cavaliers”- English nobility who got land grants from King of England • Indentured Servants- agreed to work in exchange for passage

4. Stop and Think! • Most people who came to Jamestown were men. What problem might that create?

5. Rocky Start… • Almost failed due to disease and starvation • Ultimately succeeded due to Capt. John Smith’s leadership and tobacco

6. Problems • Everyone’s looking for gold and profit • Disease ran rampant from bad water • Starvation- too many people looking for gold, not enough people planting crops • Relations with the Powhatan Indians- TENSE • “Starving Time”- Winter of 1609-1610 • Out of the 500 colonists only 60 survived!!

8. Successes • New settlers arrived in perfect time to save the colony • Tobacco- “Brown Gold”- introduced by John Rolfe in 1612 • Headright System- solved labor issues- 50 acres for paying a laborer’s passage • Laborer became indentured servant- full passage + food and shelter in return for 4-7 years of labor • Low class English but also first Africans • When numbers declined, African slavery took over as primary form of labor • Established House of Burgesses (1619)- Virginia’s colonial legislature, first representative body in North America

10. Stop and Think! • Summarize the Headright System and indentured servants. Is it possible this “success” could become a failure? Why or why not?

11. Clashes with Native Americans • Relations with Natives got worse in time • No intermarriage like the Spanish • Colonists wanted more land for tobacco, Native Americans resisted • 1622- Opechancanough’s revolt- wiped out 1/3 of VA settlers • Not to mention VA Company was in debt- King James revokes the company’s charter • 1624- VA becomes a royal colony- under the direct control of the king

12. Economic Differences split VA • Rich v. Poor • Wealthy Cavaliers in eastern VA-tons of land and money-represented by Governor Berkeley • Former indentured servants in western VA and frontier- no land, no money, no protection from Natives- represented by Nathaniel Bacon

13. Bacon’s Rebellion • Poor whites in west (including former indentured servants) revolted against VA gov’t • WHY??? • Lack of protection from Native Americans • Lack of representation in the House of Burgesses • Revolted and marched on and burned Jamestown • Bacon died, Berkley took over • Significance: led to more planters choosing African slaves over indentured servants b/c revolt was less likely

14. Stop and Think! • What was the main cause of Bacon’s Rebellion?

15. Happy Monday!!! • Take out your Jamestown postcards! I will come around and stamp your assignment sheet but I will ALSO collect the postcards! • Today’s Schedule: • America: The Story of US- Plymouth • New England Notes • Puritans Acrostic

16. Exploration and Colonization New England

17. Settlers • English Puritans seeking religious freedom beginning in 1620 • Some non-Puritans came as well

18. Pilgrims v. Puritans • Separatists/ Pilgrims- church members who wanted to break away completely from the Church of England • Came on the Mayflower • Mayflower Compact- before leaving the ship all men signed an agreement to create a civil gov’t based on English law • BIG STEP TOWARDS DEMOCRATIC GOV’T IN AMERICA • Established the Plymouth Colony (2nd permanent English settlement)

19. Pilgrims v. Puritans (continued) • Puritans- church members who wanted to “purify” or reform the Church of England (aka Anglican Church) • Reforms include getting rid of all Roman Catholic practices • Goal was the establish a new society where they could practice their religion free from persecution • Established the Massachusetts Bay Colony

20. Puritans • John Winthrop- first leader of the Puritans in Mass Bay Colony • Wanted to establish a “City Upon a Hill”- Boston • “For we must consider that we shall be a City upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are upon us”

21. Massachusetts Bay Colony • Right to vote in MBC was based on being male and church membership • Legislation was called the General Court • No division between church and state- gov’t and laws based on Puritan vision • Much better organized than Jamestown • Entire families moved over not just individual laborers

22. Stop and Think! • What is the advantage of having whole families settle rather than individual laborers?

23. Unrest in the Puritan Community • Not everyone agreed with the Puritan vision • Roger Williams- believed the following: • England had no claim to land unless they bought it from Native Americans • Called for separation of church and state- thought people should be able to practice their own religion • Founded colony of Rhode Island (Providence is capital) • Based on religious freedom and separation of church and state

24. Unrest in Puritan Community (continued) • Anne Hutchison- • Taught lessons from the Bible • Women were not allowed to do this • Thought people could interpret the Bible for themselves • Banished from Massachusetts, Moved to Rhode Island and later to New York

25. Stop and Think! • Looking at Roger Williams and Anne Hutchison, how would you describe MBC’s view of people who think differently from them?

26. Relations with Native Americans • Mass. settlers moved into new areas and set up colonies in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire- resistance from Native Americans • Native Americans did NOT believe in owning land- belonged to all for communal use • European settlers believed in private ownership of land= conflict

27. Wars with Native Americans • Pequot War (1637): Connecticut • Pequots revolted against English- nearly wiped out • Massacre at Mystic- brutal extermination tactics used • King Philip’s War (1675): all over New England • Wampanoag chief Metacom revolted against English settlers • English won, displayed Metacom’s head in Plymouth for 20 years • Significance: end of Native American resistance in NE

28. Happy Tuesday! • Pick up a “DO NOW” and start working on it • Here is the schedule for today: • Do Now • Middle Colonies Notes • Colonies Chart and Map • HOMEWORK: FINISH CHART AND MAP

29. Exploration and Colonization Middle Colonies

30. The Dutch Found New Netherlands • Henry Hudson (English) sailed for the Dutch up the Hudson River in NY • New Netherlands established for economic reasons • Fur trade • New Amsterdam is the capital • Has better relations with the Native Americans than English b/c of the fur trade

31. Changes come to New Netherlands • The Dutch take over New Jersey from the Swedes • Cant get enough settlers so they open it up to different types of people • Dutch, German, French Huguenots (Protestants), Jews, Scandinavians, Africans (both slave and free) • Duke of York (English) conquers the Dutch colony and renames it New York in 1664 • Becomes the proprietor or owner of New York but gave away New Jersey to his friends

32. Stop and Think! • How did New Netherlands become so diverse?

33. Pennsylvania • Quakers- Protestant group devoted to equality, cooperation, and religious tolerance • Services held without ministers, plain dress and pacifists • William Penn= founder and proprietor of PA- the “Holy Experiment” • Philadelphia- capital • All settlers promised 50 acres of land and the right to vote • Freedom of Religion

34. Pennsylvania (continued) • Delaware eventually became an off-shoot of PA • Relations with Native Americans were generally good • Penn showed respect to them • Needed more settlers so opened it up to diverse groups • Quakers, Germans, Dutch and French

35. Stop and Think! • How was the Pennsylvania colony different from Jamestown or MBC?

36. The Rest of the 13 Original Colonies • Maryland (Southern)- Founded by Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics • Act of Toleration- led to religious freedom in MD for a while • Carolinas (Southern)- land granted to King Charles II’s friends, South of VA • Plantation system emerged in South Carolina- very wealthy • Georgia (Southern)- founded by James Oglethorpe as a haven for debtors • Also a buffer with Spain

37. The Rest (continued) • Connecticut- Founded by Thomas Hooker- bought the land from the Native Americans • New Hampshire- Founded by John Wheelwright- criticized Puritan teachings

38. Happy Thursday!!! • Take out your chart/map so I can come around and check it! • We will go over the chart to ensure you have the right answers to study from! • Today we are on an activity period schedule

39. Exploration and Colonization England and Its Colonies

40. England’s Colonies Prosper • Mercantilism- economic philosophy of England- to acquire more gold and silver than other nations. HOW? • Become self-sufficient • export more than import • Colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country • Colonies provide raw materials to England (lumber, fur, fish, tobacco) • England provides manufactured goods (furniture, utensils, books, china

41. Navigation Acts • A series of laws that regulated and restricted colonial trade- caused resentment from colonies • Goods from colonies had to be carried on British ships • Goods from colonies had to be shipped through England first

42. Stop and Think!! • Why did England impose the Navigation Acts? • How could this lead to resentment from the colonist?

43. Dominion of New England • New England colonies were grouped together with New York and New Jersey under one royal governor, Sir Edmond Andros • Resented by colonists • Was too big for one man to govern

44. Glorious Revolution • William and Mary were named co-monarchs, replacing James II • Broke up the Dominion of New England • England focused more on France than on the colonies

45. Stop and Think! • What do you think will happen when England switches its focus away from the colonies? (think back to the Navigation Acts)

46. Salutary Neglect • England did NOT strictly enforce its mercantilist policies • Navigation Acts were largely ignored by colonist • Colonial legislatures were more powerful than the royal governors • Colonists were still very loyal to England

47. Southern Economies • Cash crops- agricultural products grown for sale rather than for a farmer’s own use- **CROP grown for CASH** • Examples: tobacco (MD, VA), rice and indigo (SC) • Self-sufficient plantations developed along navigable rivers • Led to a lack of towns or cities in the South

48. Southern Society • Ethnic diversity was common in the southern colonies • Germans settled in MD, VA and SC • Scots-Irish settled in western VA and NC- foothills of the Appalachian Mountains • Majority of southern population were small farmers, but plantation owners controlled most of the power • Women had few legal, social or political rights • Indentured servants- decline by 1700

49. Slavery in the Southern Colonies • African Slavery- primary source of labor on southern plantations by 1700s • Racism played an important part on the growth of slavery • Slave Trade- part of the Triangular Trade • Rum traded from NE to Africa • Slaves traded from Africa to Caribbean • Sugar and Molasses traded from Caribbean to NE • Middle Passage- Slaves to Caribbean • Most slaves worked in fields of plantations

50. Africans in the New World • Came from many different cultures, spoke many different languages • African culture preserved despite difficult conditions of slavery • Art, pottery, music, stories, dance